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| 1 | State-of-the-Art management of knee osteoarthritis显示文摘Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common type of arthritis found in the United States' population and is also the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world with the knee being the most frequently affected of all joints. As the United States' population ages along with the increasing trends in obesity prevalence in other parts of the world, it is expected that the burden of OA on the population, healthcare system, and overall economy will continue to increase in the future without making major improvements in managing knee OA. Numerous therapies aim to reduce symptoms of knee OA and continued research has helped to further understand the complex pathophysiology of its disease mechanism attempting to uncover new potential targets for the treatment of OA. This review article seeks to evaluate the current practices for managing knee OA and discusses emerging therapies on the horizon. These practices include non-pharmacological treatments such as providing patient education and self-management strategies, advising weight loss, strengthening programs, and addressing biomechanical issues with bracing or foot orthoses. Oral analgesics and anti-inflammatories are pharmacologicals that are commonly used and the literature overall supports that some of these medications can be helpful for managing knee OA in the short-term but are less effective for long-term management. Additionally, more prolonged use significantly increases the risk of serious associated side effects that are not too uncommon. Diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs are being researched as a treatment modality to potentially halt or slow disease progression but data at this time is limited and continued studies are being conducted to further investigate their effectiveness. Intra-articular injectables are also implemented to manage knee OA ranging from corticosteroids to hyaluronans to more recently plateletrich plasma and even stem cells while several other injection therapies are presently being studied. The goal of developing new treatment strategies for knee OA is to prolong the need for total knee arthroplasty which should be utilized only if other strategies have failed. High tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are potential alternatives if only a single compartment is involved with more data supporting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a good treatment option in this scenario. Arthroscopy has been commonly used for many years to treat knee OA to address degenerative articular cartilage and menisci, however, several high-quality studies have shown that it is not a very effective treatment for the majority of cases and should generally not be considered when managing knee OA. Improving the management of knee OA requires a multi-faceted treatment approach along with continuing to broaden our understanding of this complex disease so that therapeutic advancements can continue to be developed with the goal of preventing further disease progression and even potentially reversing the degenerative process. | Kenton H Fibel Howard J Hillstrom Brian C Halpern | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 19 |
| 2 | Carbon isotopic variations of kerogen pyrolyzates显示文摘 | Burwood R Drozd R J Halpern H I Sedivy R A | 1988 | Org Geochem1988，12，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Up-regulation of IL 18 and IL-12 in the ileum of neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis显示文摘 | Halpern MD Holubec H Dominguez JA | 2002 | Pediatr Res2002，5，： | 1 |
| 4 | Development and application of light hydrocarbon- based star diagrams显示文摘 | Halpern H I | 1995 | AAPG Bulletin1995，79，： | 1 |
| 5 | Latin-Ameri-can trial of orlistat for weight loss and improvement in glycaemicprofile in obese diabetic patients 显示文摘 | HALPERN A MANCINI MC SUPLICY H | 2003 | Diabetes Obes Metab2003，5，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Recogni- tion and source correlation of migrated hydrocarbons in Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland显示文摘 | Requejo A G Hollywood J Halpern H I | 1989 | AAPG Bulletin1989，73，9： | 1 |
| 7 | Empathy,Similarity,and Self-satisfaction显示文摘 | Halpern H M | 1955 | J Consult Psychol1955，19，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Maternal milk reduces severity of necrotizing enterocolitis and increases intestinal IL-10 in a neonatal rat model显示文摘 | DVORAK B MELISSA D HALPERN H | 2003 | Pediatr Res War2003，53，： | 1 |
| 9 | Traumatic coagulopathy: the effect of braininjury 显示文摘 | Halpern C H Reilly P M Turlz A R | 2008 | J Neurotrauma2008，，25： | 1 |
| 10 | Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model显示文摘 | Dvorak B Halpern MD Holubec H | 2002 | AJP2002，282，： | 1 |
| 11 | Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model 显示文摘 | Halpern MD Holubec H Williams CS McWilliam DL Dominguez JA | 2002 | Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2002，282，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Analysis of genomic sequences of 95 papillomavirus types:uniting typing,phylogeny,and taxonomy显示文摘 | Chan S Y Delius H Halpern A L | 1995 | J Virol1995，69，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Effect of phoapholiplds and their molecular species on cholesterol solubility and nucleation in huam and model biles显示文摘 | Halpern Z Moshkowitz M Laufer H | 1993 | Gut1993，34，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Development and applications of light-hydrocarbon-based star diagrams显示文摘 | Halpern H I | 1995 | AAPG Bulletin1995，79，6： | 1 |
| 15 | The use of synthetic analogues of Arg - Gly - Asp (RGD) and soluble receptor of tumor necrosis factor to prevent acute and chronic experimental liver injury显示文摘 | Bruck R Hershkoviz R Lider O Shirin H Aeed H Halpern Z | 1997 | Yale J Biol Med1997，70，4： | 1 |
| 16 | Hepatic inflammatory mediators contribute to intestinal damage in necrotizing enterocolitis显示文摘 | Halpern MD Holubec H Dominguez JA | 2003 | Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol2003，284，4： | 1 |
| 17 | The elastase infusion model of experimental aortic aneurysm model:Synehronyof induction of endogenous proteinases with matrix destruction and inflammatory cell response显示文摘 | Halpern V J Nsckman G B Grandi R H | 1994 | J Vase Surg1994，20，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Up-regulation of IL-18 and IL-12 in the ileum of neonatal rats with necrotizing enterocolitis 显示文摘 | Halpern MD Holubec H Dominguez JA | 2002 | Pediatric Research2002，51，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Duration of analgesic effectiveness after the posterior and lateral transversus abdominis plane block techniques for transverse lower abdominal incisions: a meta-analysis显示文摘 | Abdallah F W Laffey J G Halpern S H | 2013 | Br J Anaesth2013，111，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Patient-controlled epidural analgesia for labor显示文摘 | HALPERN S H CARVALHO B | 2009 | Anesthesia and Analgesia2009，，108： | 1 |
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