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| 1 | High prevalence of epilepsy in two rural onchocerciasis endemic villages in the Mahenge area,Tanzania,after 20 years of community directed treatment with ivermectin显示文摘Background:Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with a multitude of underlying causes,which may include infection with Onchocerca volvulus,the parasitic worm that causes human onchocerciasis.A survey carried out in 1989 revealed a high prevalence of epilepsy(1.02%overall,ranging from 0.51 to 3.71%in ten villages)in the Mahenge area of Ulanga district,an onchocerciasis endemic region in south eastern Tanzania.This study aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy following 20 years of onchocerciasis control through annual community directed treatment with ivermectin(CDTI).Methods:The study was conducted in January 2017 in two suburban and two rural villages in the Mahenge area.Door-todoor household visits were carried out by trained community health workers and data assistants to screen for persons suspected of having epilepsy,using a standardised questionnaire.Persons with suspected epilepsy were then interviewed and examined by a neurologist for case verification.Onchocerciasis associated epilepsy was defined as epilepsy without an obvious cause,with an onset of seizures between the ages of 3-18 years in previously healthy children.In each village,fifty males aged≥20 years were tested for onchocerciasis antibodies using an OV16 rapid test and were examined for presence of onchocerciasis nodules.Children aged 6-10 years were also tested using OV16 tests.Results:5117 individuals(median age 18.5 years,53.2%female)from 1168 households were screened.244(4.8%)were suspected of having epilepsy and invited for neurological assessment.Prevalence of epilepsy was 2.5%,with the rural villages having the highest rate(3.5%vs 1.5%),P<0.001.Overall incidence of epilepsy was 111 cases(95%CI:73-161)per 100000 person-years,while that of onchocerciasis associated epilepsy was 131(95%CI:70-223).Prevalence of OV16 antibodies in adult males and among children 6-10 years old was higher in rural villages than in suburban villages(76.5%vs 50.6,and 42.6%vs 4.7%respectively),(P<0.001),while overall prevalence of onchocerciasis nodules was 1.8%.Conclusions:This survey revealed a high prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in two rural onchocerciasis endemic villages in the Mahenge area.Despite 20 years of CDTI,a high prevalence of OV16 antibodies in children aged 6-10 years suggests on-going O.volvulus transmission.Reasons for the persistence of on-going parasite transmission in the Mahenge area need to be investigated. | Bruno P.Mmbando Patrick Suykerbuyk Mohamed Mnacho Advocatus Kakorozya William Matuja Adam Hendy Helena Greter Williams H.Makunde Robert Colebunders | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 4 |
| 2 | Dendritic ceils permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis显示文摘 | Greter M Heppner FL Lemos MP | 2005 | Nat Med2005，11，3： | 1 |
| 3 | Measurement of complexation properties of hmnic and fulvic acids in nature waters with lead and copper ion-selective electredes 显示文摘 | Buffle J Greter F L Haerdl W | 1977 | Anal Chem1977，49，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macro- phages显示文摘 | Florent Ginhoux Melanie Greter Marylene Leboeuf | 2010 | Science2010，330，： | 1 |
| 5 | Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis 显示文摘 | Greter M Heppner FL Lemos MP | 2005 | Nat Med2005，11，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Antigen presentation in autoimmanity and CNS inflammation : how T lymphocytes recognize the brain 显示文摘 | Becher B Bechmann I Greter M | 2006 | J Mol Med2006，84，7： | 1 |
| 7 | Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis显示文摘 | DEAN AS CRUMP L GRETER H | 2012 | PLoS Negl Trop Dis2012，6，： | 1 |
| 8 | DendritiC cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis 显示文摘 | Greter M Heppner F L Lemos M P | 2005 | Nat Med2005，11，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages显示文摘 | Ginhoux F Greter M Leboeuf M | 2010 | Science2010，330，： | 1 |
| 10 | Abnormal senso- ry integration affects balance control in hemiparetic patients within the first year after stroke 显示文摘 | Oliveira CB Medeiros IR Greters MG | 2011 | Clinics (Sao Paulo)2011，66，12： | 1 |
| 11 | Global burden of hu-man brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency 显示文摘 | Dean AS Crump L Greter H | 2012 | PLoS Negl Trap Dis2012，6，： | 1 |
| 12 | Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis显示文摘 | Greter M Heppner FL Lemos MP | 2005 | Nat Med2005，11，： | 1 |
| 13 | Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis repressed by microglial paralysis显示文摘 | Heppner FL Greter M Marino D | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 14 | Global burden of human brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency 显示文摘 | Dean AS Crump L Greter H | 2012 | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases2012，6，10： | 1 |
| 15 | Experimental au- toimmune encephalomyelitis repressed by microglial paralysis 显示文摘 | Heppner FL Greter M Marino D | 2005 | Nat Med2005，11，： | 1 |
| 16 | Global burden of human brucellosis: a systematic review of disease frequency显示文摘 | Dean AS Crump L Greter H | 2012 | PLoS Negl Trop Dis2012，6，10： | 1 |
| 17 | Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult mieroglia derive from primitive macrophages 显示文摘 | Ginhoux F Greter M Leboeuf M | 2010 | Science2010，330，6005： | 1 |
| 18 | Pretransplant CSF-1 therapy expands recipient maerophages and ameliorates GVHD af- ter allogeneie hematopoietic cell transplantation 显示文摘 | Hashimoto D Chow A Greter M | 2011 | J Exp Med2011，208，5： | 1 |
| 19 | Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis 显示文摘 | Greter M Heppner FL Lemos MP | 2005 | Nature Med2005，11，： | 1 |
| 20 | Mammalian target of rapamycin controls dendritic cell development downstream of Flt3 ligand signaling显示文摘 | Sathaliyawala T O'Gorman WE Greter M | 2010 | Immunity2010，33，4： | 1 |
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