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| 1 | Analyses of hot and humid weather in Beijing city in summer and its dynamical identification显示文摘The circulation, hygrothermal property and moisture transport character of typical hot and humid weather were analyzed in Beijing areas from July 30 to August 4, 2002. It was pointed out that, under the control of subtropical anticyclone which stretches to the west and north, downdraft suppresses the lifting of lower-troposphere moisture, which makes moisture keep in the lower troposphere. That is the direct reason causing hot and humid weather. Considering the non-uniformity saturated character in real atmosphere, generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) equation is derived by the introduction of generalized moist potential temperature concept. The analysis of GMPV shows that negative GMPV anomaly occurs in the lower troposphere. It has indicative sense to hot and humid weather. Thus, the GMPV anomaly can be utilized to identify this kind of weather and to make a short-term prediction. | GAO Shouting ZHOU Yushu LEI Ting SUN Jianhua | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z2： | 30 |
| 2 | A Generalized Frontogenesis Function and Its Application显示文摘With the definition of generalized potential temperature, a new generalized frontogenesis function, which is expressed as the Lagrangian change rate of the magnitude of the horizontal generalized potential temperature gradient, is derived. Such a frontogenesis function is more appropriate for a real moist atmosphere because it can reflect frontogenesis processes, in which the atmosphere in a frontal zone is typically characterized by neither completely dry nor uniform saturation. Furthermore, by derivation, the expression of generalized frontogenesis function includes both temperature and humidity gradients, which is different from and superior to the traditional frontogenesis function in moist processes, which also uses equivalent potential temperature. Diagnostic studies of real cases are performed and show that the generalized frontogenesis function in nonuniformly saturated moist atmosphere indeed provides a useful tool for frontogenesis, compared to using the traditional frontogenesis function. The new frontogenesis function can be used in situations involving either a strong temperature or moisture gradient and is closely correlated with precipitation. | YANG Shuai GAO Shouting LU Chungu | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，5： | 12 |
| 3 | Investigation of the Mei-yu Front Using a New Deformation Frontogenesis Function显示文摘A new frontogenesis function is developed and analyzed on the basis of a local change rate of the absolute horizontal gradient of the resultant deformation. Different from the traditional frontogenesis function, the newly defined deformation frontogenesis is derived from the viewpoint of dynamics rather than thermodynamics. Thus, it is more intuitive for the study of frontogenesis because the compaction of isolines of both temperature and moisture can be directly induced by the change of a flow field. This new frontogenesis function is particularly useful for studying the mei-yu front in China because mei-yu rainbands typically consist of a much stronger moisture gradient than temperature gradient, and involve large deformation flow. An analysis of real mei-yu frontal rainfall events indicates that the deformation frontogenesis function works remarkably well, producing a clearer mei-yu front than the traditional frontogenesis function based on a measure of the potential temperature gradient. More importantly, the deformation frontogenesis shows close correlation with the subsequent(6 h later) precipitation pattern and covers the rainband well, bearing significance for the prognosis or even prediction of future precipitation. | YANG Shuai GAO Shouting Chungu LU | 2015 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2015，32，5： | 10 |
| 4 | Diagnostic analysis of mesoscale rainstorms in the Jiang-Huai valley of China with convective vorticity vector显示文摘由绝对涡度向量和相等的潜在的温度坡度的向量产品,新向量,对流涡度向量( CVV )在高等以后被使重新致力,并且被简短与 PSU/NCAR MM5 使用高分辨率的模拟数据在中国的 Jiang-Huai 山谷用于中央规模暴风雨的开发和运动的学习。结果证明 CVV,特别是的它的垂直部件仔细与在垂直第二等的发行量和水平相等的潜在的温度坡度之间的相互作用有关,可以在在中国的 Jiang-Huai 山谷的中央规模暴风雨的学习是好 tracer 和诊断工具。并且为 CVV 的垂直部件的变化负责的主要物理过程基于它在这篇文章建议的趋势方程简短被讨论。 | Cui Xiaopeng Gao Shouting Li Xiaofan | 2007 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2007，17，5： | 8 |
| 5 | On the parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag effect on the mean zonal flow of mesosphere显示文摘Based on McFarlane抯 parameterization scheme of gravity wave drag, a refined gravity-wave-drag scheme is presented. Both the drag effect of the momentum flux and the dissipation effect of gravity wave breaking on the mean zonal flow are included in the refined parameterization scheme. The dissipation effect can be formulated with the gravity wave numbers and the mean quantities. The refined parameterization scheme may represent a complete drag effect of stationary gravity wave breaking on the mean zonal flow. | GAO Shouting & RAN Lingkun State Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Physics and Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，10： | 8 |
| 6 | A Diagnostic Study of the Asymmetric Distribution of Rainfall during the Landfall of Typhoon Haitang(2005)显示文摘The precipitation during landfall of typhoon Haitang(2005) showed asymmetric structures(left side/right side of the track). Analysis of Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation data showed that rainfall on the right side was more than 15 times stronger than on the left side. The causes were analyzed by focusing on comparing the water vapor flux,stability and upward motion between the two sides. The major results were as follows:(1) Relative humidity on both sides was over80%,whereas the convergence of water vapor flux in the lower troposphere was about 10 times larger on the right side than on the left side.(2) Both sides featured conditional symmetric instability [MPV(moist potential vorticity) <0],but the right side was more unstable than the left side.(3) Strong(weak) upward motion occurred throughout the troposphere on the right(left) side. The Q vector diagnosis suggested that large-scale and mesoscale forcing accounted for the difference in vertical velocity. Orographic lift and surface friction forced the development of the asymmetric precipitation pattern. On the right side,strong upward motion from the forcing of different scale weather systems and topography caused a substantial release of unstable energy and the transportation of water vapor from the lower to the upper troposphere,which produced torrential rainfall. However,the above conditions on the left side were all much weaker,which led to weaker rainfall. This may have been the cause of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang. | YUE Caijun GAO Shouting LIU Lu LI Xiaofan | 2015 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2015，32，10： | 6 |
| 7 | The Impact of Deformation on Vortex Development in a Baroclinic Moist Atmosphere显示文摘A mathematical relation between deformation and vertical vorticity tendency is built by introducing the frontogenesis function and the complete vertical vorticity equation, which is derived by virtue of moist potential vorticity. From the mathematical relation, it is shown that properly configured atmospheric conditions can make deformation exert a positive contribution to vortex development at rates comparable to other favorable factors. The effect of deformation on vortex development is not only related to the deformation itself, but also depends on the current thermodynamic and dynamic structures of the atmosphere, such as the convective stability, moist baroclinicity and vertical wind shear(or horizontal vorticity). A diagnostic study of a heavy-rainfall case that occurred during 20–22 July 2012 shows that deformation has the most remarkable effect on the increase in vertical vorticity during the rapid development stage of the low vortex during its whole life cycle. This feature is mainly due to the existence of an approximate neutral layer(about 700 h Pa) in the atmosphere where the convective stability tends to be zero. The neutral layer makes the effect of deformation on the vertical vorticity increase significantly during the vortex development stage, and thus drives the vertical vorticity to increase. | Na LI Lingkun RAN Shouting GAO | 2016 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2016，33，2： | 6 |
| 8 | Mesoscale Dynamics and Its Application in Torrential Rainfall Systems in China显示文摘Progress over the past decade in understanding moisture-driven dynamics and torrential rain storms in China is reviewed in this paper. First, advances in incorporating moisture effects more realistically into theory are described, including the development of a new parameter, generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) and an improved moist ageostrophic Q vector(Qum). Advances in vorticity dynamics are also described, including the adoption of a 'parcel dynamic' approach to investigate the development of the vertical vorticity of an air parcel; a novel theory of slantwise vorticity development, proposed because vorticity develops easily near steep isentropic surfaces; and the development of the convective vorticity vector(CVV)as an effective new tool. The significant progress in both frontal dynamics and wave dynamics is also summarized, including the geostrophic adjustment of initial unbalanced flow and the dual role of boundary layer friction in frontogenesis, as well as the interaction between topography and fronts, which indicate that topographic perturbations alter both frontogenesis and frontal structure. For atmospheric vortices, mixed wave/vortex dynamics has been extended to explain the propagation of spiral rainbands and the development of dynamical instability in tropical cyclones. Finally, we review wave and basic flow interaction in torrential rainfall, for which it was necessary to extend existing theory from large-scale flows to mesoscale fields, enriching our knowledge of mesoscale atmospheric dynamics. | GAO Shouting TAN Zhemin ZHAO Sixiong LUO Zhexian LU Hancheng WANG Donghai CUI Chunguang CUI Xiaopeng SUN Jianhua | 2015 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2015，32，2： | 4 |
| 9 | Development and improvement of mass flux convection parameterization scheme and its applications in the seasonal climate predication model显示文摘The features of Gregory cumulus parameterization scheme, which is used in British Weather Office, are researched and then this scheme is developed and improved according to the characteristics of area precipitation over China. Firstly, the influence of the large-scale convergence in lower tropopause upon cumulus convection is directly taken into account in a 揵ulk?cloud model. The organized entrainment and detrainment is considered in the model. Secondly, the initial mass flux is revised. Thirdly, the effects of subcooling water upon saturation vapour pressure are considered. Eventually, the drown-draft air is regulated. For several years, the numerical forecast of seasonal precipitation in China has been carried out by using the modified Gregory scheme. The result shows that the model with improved Gregory scheme well simulates the precipitation over China and the prediction result is good. | PING Fan, GAO Shouting & WANG Huijun Institute of Atmosphere Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，10： | 4 |
| 10 | A comparative study of the atmospheric circulations associated with rainy-season floods between the Yangtze and Huaihe River Basins显示文摘Here we present the results from the composite analyses of the atmospheric circulations and physical quantity fields associated with rainy-season for the selected floods cases over the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins for the 21 years(1990–2010),using the daily rain gauge measurements taken in the 756 stations throughout China and the NCEP/reanalysis data for the rainyseasons(June–July)from 1990 to 2010.The major differences in the atmospheric circulations and physical quantity fields between the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins are as follows:for flooding years of the Yangtze River Basin,the South Asia high center is located further east than normal,the blocking high over the Urals and the Sea of Okhotsk maintains,and the Meiyu front is situated near 30°N whereas for flooding years of the Huaihe River Basin,the South Asia high center is further west than normal,the atmospheric circulations over the mid and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere are of meridional distribution,and the Meiyu front is situated near 33°N.In addition,there are distinct differences in water vapor sources and associated transports between the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins.The water vapor is transported by southwesterly flows from the Bay of Bengal and monsoon flows over the South China Sea for flooding years of the Yangtze River Basin whereas by southeast monsoons from the eastern and southern seas off China and monsoon flows over the South China Sea for flooding years of the Huaihe River Basin. | PING Fan TANG XiBa GAO ShouTing LUO ZheXian | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，7： | 3 |
| 11 | The derivation of moist baroclinic Ertel-Rossby invariant in fast manifold and its application to typhoons显示文摘Potential vorticity(PV)has been widely applied as a tracer because of its property of conservation in frictionless,dry adiabatic flow.However,PV itself is more effective in describing the slow-manifold flow at large scale.Therefore,we wish to find a materially conserved invariant other than PV to diagnose severe weather such as growing and mature tropical cyclones,whose velocity and dynamic pressure vary rapidly and locally.Starting from the absolute motion equation after elimination of the pressure gradient term by introducing moist entropy and moist enthalpy,the baroclinic Ertel-Rossby invariant(ERI)in moist flow is derived by the Weber transformation.Furthermore,the material conservation property of moist ERI is proven.Besides the traditional moist potential vorticity(MPV)term,the invariant includes the moisture factor that is excluded in dry ERI and the term related to gradients of pressure,kinetic energy and potential energy that reflects the'fast-manifold'property.Therefore,it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than is the MPV term.The moist ERI is then applied to diagnose a triple-typhoon system,and is compared with MPV and dry ERI.Contrastive analysis shows that moist ERI is a better tool to diagnose the movements and intensity variations of several coexisting typhoons.The moist ERI can signify the movement and development of a multi-typhoon system.It has wide application prospects for a real moist atmosphere. | YANG Shuai GAO ShouTing CHEN Bin | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，6： | 3 |
| 12 | Analysis of the Characteristics of Inertia-Gravity Waves during an Orographic Precipitation Event显示文摘A numerical experiment was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to analyze the generation and propagation of inertia-gravity waves during an orographic rainstorm that occurred in the Sichuan area on 17 August 2014. To examine the spatial and temporal structures of the inertia-gravity waves and identify the wave types, three wavenumber-frequency spectral analysis methods(Fourier analysis, cross-spectral analysis, and wavelet cross-spectrum analysis)were applied. During the storm, inertia-gravity waves appeared at heights of 10–14 km, with periods of 80–100 min and wavelengths of 40–50 km. These waves were generated over a mountain and propagated eastward at an average speed of 15–20 m s^(-1). Meanwhile, comparison between the reconstructed inertia-gravity waves and accumulated precipitation showed there was a mutual promotion process between them. The Richardson number and Scorer parameter were used to demonstrate that the eastward-moving inertia-gravity waves were trapped in an effective atmospheric ducting zone with favorable reflector and critical level conditions, which were the primary causes of the long lives of the waves. Finally, numerical experiments to test the sensitivity to terrain and diabatic heating were conducted, and the results suggested a cooperative effect of terrain and diabatic heating contributed to the propagation and enhancement of the waves. | Lu LIU Lingkun RAN Shouting GAO | 2018 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2018，35，5： | 3 |
| 13 | Eddy Kinetic Energy Study of the Snowstorm over Southern China in January 2008显示文摘The energetics of the third stage of a snowstorm over China was analyzed using ECWMF data. The analysis of the energy budget for the Middle East trough and the western Pacific trough that developed toward China on 25–28 January 2008 showed the advection of the geopotential by the ageostrophic wind to be both a crucial source and the primary sink of the eddy kinetic energy centers associated with the troughs. The magnitudes of the energy conversion terms, interaction kinetic energy conversion and baroclinic conversion, were too small to explain the development of the energy centers and the jet streaks. The energy centers gained energy at their entrance regions via the convergence of the ageostrophic geopotential fluxes, and then lost energy at their exit regions by the same fluxes. At the entrance regions, the fluxes converged, increasing the geopotential gradient, which generated a stronger geostrophic wind and higher kinetic energy, resulting in an ascending motion in this area. When the troughs moved to China, the ascending motion caused by the convergence of the fluxes at entrance region intensified the snowstorms over central and southern China. | ZUO Qunjie GAO Shouting L Daren | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，4： | 2 |
| 14 | Evolution of Instability before and during a Torrential Rainstorm in North China显示文摘NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data were used to analyze the characteristics and evolution mechanism of convective and symmetric instability before and during a heavy rainfall event that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012.Approximately twelve hours before the rainstorm,the atmosphere was mainly dominated by convective instability in the lower level of 900-800 hPa.The strong southwesterly low-level jet conveyed the moist and warm airflow continuously to the area of torrential rain,maintaining and enhancing the unstable energy.When the precipitation occurred,unstable energy was released and the convective instability weakened.Meanwhile,due to the baroclinicity enhancement in the atmosphere,the symmetric instability strengthened,maintaining and promoting the subsequent torrential rain.Deriving the convective instability tendency equation demonstrated that the barotropic component of potential divergence and the advection term played a major role in enhancing the convective instability before the rainstorm.Analysis of the tendency equation of moist potential vorticity showed that the coupled term of vertical vorticity and the baroclinic component of potential divergence was the primary factor influencing the development of symmetric instability during the precipitation.Comparing the effects of these factors on convective instability and symmetric instability showed some correlation. | Lu LIU Lingkun RAN Shouting GAO | 2016 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2016，33，1： | 2 |
| 15 | Meteorological impacts on evapotranspiration in different climatic zones of Pakistan显示文摘Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration(ET) during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith(PM) method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature(maximum and minimum) are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan. | Shahzada ADNAN Kalim ULLAH Azmat H KHAN GAO Shouting | 2017 | Journal of Arid Land2017，9，6： | 2 |
| 16 | Convective Bursts Episode of the Rapidly Intensified Typhoon Mujigae(2015)显示文摘Convective burst(CB) characteristics at distinct stages of a rapidly intensified Typhoon Mujigae(2015), are investigated based on a 72-h simulation. The spatial features show that almost all CB elements develop in the eyewall. The number of CBs in the inner-core region within a 100 km radius—which account for a large proportion of the total CBs, with a sharp increase about 6 h before the onset of rapid intensification(RI)—provides some indication of the RI of the typhoon. The CBs during pre-RI and RI are examined from dynamic and thermodynamic viewpoints. The combination of lower-level convergent inflow and upper-level divergent outflow pushes a relay-race-like transmission of convective activity, favorable for the development of deep convection. A double warm-core structure is induced by the centripetal outflow sinking and warming associated with CBs, which directly accelerates RI by a sudden decrease in hydrostatic pressure. By utilizing the convection activity degree(CAD) index derived from the local total energy anomaly, a correlation formula between CBs and CAD is deduced.Furthermore, an intense CAD(ICAD) signal threshold(with a value equal to 100) to predict CBs is obtained. It is verified that this ICAD threshold is effective for estimating the occurrence of a CB episode and predicting RI of a typhoon. Therefore,this threshold may be a valuable tool for identifying CB episodes and forecasting rapidly intensified typhoons. | Shuai YANG Xiba TANG Shuixin ZHONG Bin CHEN Yushu ZHOU Shouting GAO Chengxin WANG | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，5： | 2 |
| 17 | Effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature on tropical equilibrium states:A cloud-resolving modeling study显示文摘The effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature (SST) on tropical equilibrium states are investigated based on a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations with imposed zero vertical velocity, constant zonal wind, and a zonal model domain of 768 km. Four experiments with zonal SST perturbations of wavenumbers 1 (C1), 2 (C2), 4 (C3), and 8 (C4) are compared to a control experiment with zonally uniform SST (C0). The 40-day integrations show that the temperatures reach quasi-equilibrium states with dis- tinct differences. C1 and C2 produce warmer equilibrium states whereas C3 and C4 generate colder equilibrium states than C0 does. The heat budgets in the five experiments are analyzed. Compared to C0, less IR cooling over smaller clear-sky regions in C1 and more con- densational heating in C2 are responsible for warmer equilibrium states. A reduced condensational heating leads to the cold equilibrium state in C3. The interaction between convective systems in C4 causes a decrease of condensational heating, which accounts for the cold equilibrium state. | Xiaopeng Cui Shouting Gao | 2008 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2008，18，4： | 2 |
| 18 | Second order potential vorticity and its potential applications显示文摘A new invariant, the second order potential vorticity(SPV), is derived in this paper. SPV is the dot product of vorticity and the potential vorticity(PV) gradient, and is proven conservative for a compressible, adiabatic and frictionless atmosphere. Research shows that the new invariant may be used to indicate the evolution of PV, because SPV includes all the information that determines PV evolution: the wind field, and the PV gradient. Furthermore, SPV is capable of diagnosing heavy precipitation because of the strong signals it presents in areas of heavy rainfall. SPV also shows great potential as a comprehensive conserved quantity for indicating the dynamical tropopause and baroclinic instability. | GAO ShouTing XU PengCheng LI Na ZHOU YuShu | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，10： | 2 |
| 19 | New Evidence for Improving Omega Estimation by Explicitly Considering Horizontal Divergence显示文摘It is well known that the quasi-geostrophic(QG) omega equation with only two contributors respectively associated with vorticity advection(VA) and temperature advection is derived for midlatitude synoptic-scale systems only. Based on reliable reanalysis data, new evidence revealed by cyclonic and anticyclonic cases indicates that forecasters might sometimes experience problems by paying too much attention to the 500-hPa VA when estimating vertical motions not only in subtropical systems but also in systems meeting all the assumptions of the QG omega equation. Our investigations also showed that explicitly considering the vertical profiles of horizontal divergence could allow for better interpretation of vertical motions and weather in these real cases, suggesting that this equation might not be sufficient due to the presence of only two horizontaldivergence-related(HDR) mechanisms and the absence of other HDR mechanisms, e.g., frictional force, mountain barriers, diabatic/adiabatic processes, and acceleration/deceleration of air flows. | YUAN Zhuojian QI Jindian GAO Shouting FENG Yerong XU Pengcheng WU Naigeng | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，2： | 2 |
| 20 | Organized Warm-Sector Rainfall in the Coastal Region of South China in an Anticyclone Synoptic Situation:Observational Analysis显示文摘Organized warm-sector rainfall(OWSR)near the coast of South China tends to occur in certain synoptic situations characterized with either a low-level jet or an anticyclone,with the latter being less investigated.This paper fills the gap by analyzing 15 OWSR events that occurred in an anticyclone synoptic situation during the pre-summer rainy season of 2011-2016,based on high-resolution observational and reanalysis data.The results show that the anticyclone synoptic situation produces marked northerly boundary-layer winds inland and obvious northeasterly,easterly/southwesterly,and southeasterly boundary-layer winds near the coasts of eastern Guangdong,western Guangdong,and Guangxi,respectively.The coastal boundary-layer winds promote favorable environmental conditions and strong convergence for convection initiation;consequently,OWSR is prone to occur near the coasts of western Guangdong and Guangxi,but exhibits different formation and propagation features in the following two subareas.(1)The southeasterly boundary-layer winds tend to converge near the border area between Guangxi and Guangdong(BGG),promoting the formation of a stable convective line along the mountains.The convective line persists with support of upper-level southwesterly winds that facilitate convective cells to propagate along the convective line,producing heavy OWSR along the mountains near BGG.(2)In contrast,a west-east convective line tends to form and maintain near the coast of Yangjiang(YJ)area,about 200 km east of BGG,owing to stable convergence between the easterly(or southwesterly)and the northerly boundary-layer winds reinforced by the mountains near YJ.Moreover,the coupling of upper-level westerly winds with the easterly(southwesterly)boundary-layer winds facilitates expansion(eastward propagation)of the convective line,causing west-east-oriented heavy OWSR near the coast of YJ.In a word,this study reveals refined properties of OWSR initiation and development in the anticyclone synoptic situation,which may help improve the forecast skill of OWSR during the pre-summer rainy season in South China. | Zhaoming LIANG Shouting GAO | 2021 | Journal of Meteorological Research2021，35，3： | 2 |
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