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| 1 | If this is true, what does it imply? How end-user antibody validation facilitates insights into biology and disease显示文摘Antibodies are employed ubiquitously in biomedical sciences,including for diagnostics and therapeutics.One of the most important uses is for immunohistochemical(IHC)staining,a process that has been improving and evolving over decades.IHC is useful when properly employed,yet misuse of the method is widespread and contributes to the“reproducibility crisis”in science.We report some of the common problems encountered with IHC assays,and direct readers to a wealth of literature documenting and providing some solutions to this problem.We also describe a series of vignettes that include our approach to analytical validation of antibodies and IHC assays that have facilitated a number of biological insights into prostate cancer and the refutation of a controversial association of a viral etiology in gliomas.We postulate that a great deal of the problem with lack of accuracy in IHC assays stems from the lack of awareness by researchers for the critical necessity for end-users to validate IHC antibodies and assays in their laboratories,regardless of manufacturer claims or past publications.We suggest that one reason for the pervasive lack of end-user validation for research antibodies is that researchers fail to realize that there are two general classes of antibodies employed in IHC.First,there are antibodies that are“clinical grade”reagents used by pathologists to help render diagnoses that influence patient treatment.Such diagnostic antibodies,which tend to be highly validated prior to clinical implementation,are in the vast minority(e.g.<500).The other main class of antibodies are“research grade”antibodies(now numbering>3800000),which are often not extensively validated prior to commercialization.Given increased awareness of the problem,both the United States,National Institutes of Health and some journals are requiring investigators to provide evidence of specificity of their antibody-based assays. | Karen S.Sfanos Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian William G.Nelson Tamara L.Lotan Ibrahim Kulac Jessica L.Hicks Qizhi Zheng Charles J.Bieberich Michael C.Haffner Angelo M.De Marzo | 2019 | Asian Journal of Urology2019，6，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Biogeography of the Australian monsoon tropics显示文摘 | D. M. J. S.Bowman G. K.Brown M. F.Braby J. R.Brown L. G.Cook M. D.Crisp F.Ford S.Haberle J.Hughes Y.Isagi L.Joseph J.McBride G.Nelson P. Y.Ladiges | 2010 | Journal of Biogeography2010，，： | 1 |
| 3 | 氢与先进的航天材料显示文摘本文简要评述与讨论了普通的、以氢为燃料的高超音速航天器用的特殊结构材料氢脆现象,论证了氢与材料的特殊矛盾,提出了缓解矛盾的方法。 | Howard G.Nelson 吴明复 | 1991 | 宇航材料工艺1991，，2： | 0 |
| 4 | Myocardial Oxygenation Response to Stress Performing a Single-set Compared to Volume-Matched Multiple-Set of Leg Press in Untrained Young Adults显示文摘Background Debates exist about the preference for single-or multiple-set resistance exercise(RE)on achieving similar training outcome,however,no study examined their effects on the heart,thus,this study was to examine the effect of volume-matched single-and multiple-set RE on the myocardial response through examining rate pressure product(RPP).Methods Fourteen healthy untrained college students performed two leg press exercises(4×10 and 1×40 at 150%body mass)on different days,and each was performed twice in a counterbalanced crossover order.Pre-and post-exercise SBP and HR were measured by auscultatory method,RPP was calculated as SBP×HR×10^(-3),RPP difference(RPPdiff)was calcu-lated by post-exercise RPP subtracting pre-exercise RPP.Results Single-set post-exercise RPP(17.48±3.16 mmHg·beats/min),HR(123.86±20.25 beats/min)was significantly greater than multiple-set post-exercise RPP(13.66±3.04 mmHg·beats/min),HR(101.61±19.14 beats/min),respec-tively.There was no significant difference of SBP(141.07±9.37 vs.134.29±15.16 mmHg)between exercise protocols(P=0.13).The RPPdiff of single-set(6.74±2.86 mmHg·beats/min)was significantly greater than that of multiple-set(3.62±2.90 mmHg·beats/min)(P<0.001).Conclusions Single-set RE exerts a greater myocardial oxygenation response as compared to multiple-set,HR contributed more than SBP to the increase of RPP in RE.The results indicate that single-set RE can be warranted when wanting to train the heart,while multiple-set RE would appear best for those who should avoid heart stress. | Junhai Xu Arnold G.Nelson James J.Tufano Juntao Wang | 2023 | Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise2023，5，2： | 0 |
| 5 | 被动拉伸期间代谢率提高程度不足以达到有氧运动热身效果显示文摘目的:确定静态拉伸练习可增加心率以及耗氧量的范围,以及该增加量是否满足有氧运动热身要求。方法:15名男大学生与16名女大学生在12min被动静态拉伸或者12min假拉伸(采用姿势移动,但未将肌肉拉伸开)后测量心率和耗氧量。共进行4种不同的下半身拉伸,每种拉伸持续30 s,再转向另一种拉伸,重复4轮。通过测量12 min内逐次呼吸平均量确定耗氧量。每30 s获取一次心率,取24次测量心率的平均值。测量耗氧量为最大值的60%时骑自行车7 min积累的氧赤字,从而确定热身效果。结果:被动静态拉伸的心率和耗氧量均显著高于假拉伸,分别高出7.5%((84±11)次/min vs.(78±12)次/min),p<0.05)和71%((0.53±0.13)mL/min vs.(0.38±0.11)mL/min,p<0.05)。氧赤字无显著差异((0.64±1.54)L vs.(0.72±1.61)L)。结论:被动静态拉伸能提高心率及耗氧量,说明代谢活动在没有肌肉激活的条件下依然可以增加,但提高的程度不足以达到热身效果。 | Arnold G.Nelson Joke Kokkonen | 2013 | Journal of Sport and Health Science2013，2，2： | 0 |
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