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| 1 | Schistosomiasis is more prevalent than previously thought:what does it mean for public health goals,policies,strategies,guidelines and intervention programs?显示文摘Mapping and diagnosis of infections by the three major schistosome species(Schistosoma haematobium,S.mansoni and S.japonicum)has been done with assays that are known to be specific but increasingly insensitive as prevalence declines or in areas with already low prevalence of infection.This becomes a true challenge to achieving the goal of elimination of schistosomiasis because the multiplicative portion of the life-cycle of schistosomes,in the snail vector,favors continued transmission as long as even a few people maintain low numbers of worms that pass eggs in their excreta.New mapping tools based on detection of worm antigens(circulating cathodic antigen-CCA;circulating anodic antigen-CAA)in urine of those infected are highly sensitive and the CAA assay is reported to be highly specific.Using these tools in areas of low prevalence of all three of these species of schistosomes has demonstrated that more people harbor adult worms than are regularly excreting eggs at a level detectable by the usual stool assay(Kato-Katz)or by urine filtration.In very low prevalence areas this is sometimes 6-to10-fold more.Faced with what appears to be a sizable population of“egg-negative/worm-positive schistosomiasis”especially in areas of very low prevalence,national NTD programs are confounded about what guidelines and strategies they should enact if they are to proceed toward a goal of elimination.There is a critical need for continued evaluation of the assays involved and to understand the contribution of this“egg-negative/worm-positive schistosomiasis”condition to both individual morbidity and community transmission.There is also a critical need for new guidelines based on the use of these more sensitive assays for those national NTD programs that wish to move forward to strategies designed for elimination. | Daniel G.Colley Tamara S.Andros Carl H.Campbell Jr | 2017 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2017，6，1： | 5 |
| 2 | Building a global schistosomiasis alliance:an opportunity to join forces to fight inequality and rural poverty显示文摘Schistosomiasis,one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization,presents a substantial public health and economic burden.Of the 261 million people requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis in 2013,92%of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa and only 12.7%received preventive chemotherapy.Moreover,in 2010,the WHO reported that schistosomiasis mortality could be as high as 280000 per year in Africa alone.In May 2012 delegates to the sixty-fifth World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA65.21 that called for the elimination of schistosomiasis,and foresees the regular treatment of at least 75%of school age children in at-risk areas.The resolution urged member states to intensify schistosomiasis control programmes and to initiate elimination campaigns where possible.Despite this,in June 2015,schistosomiasis was indicated to have the lowest level of preventive chemotherapy implementation in the spectrum of neglected tropical diseases.It was also highlighted as the disease most lacking in progress.This is perhaps unsurprising,given that it was also the only NTD with access to drug donations but without a coalition of stakeholders that collaborates to boost commitment and implementation.As a consequence,and to ensure that the WHO NTDs Roadmap Targets of 2012 and World Health Assembly Resolution WHA65.21 are met,the Global Schistosomiasis Alliance(GSA)has been set up.Diverse and representative,the GSA aims to be a partnership of endemic countries,academic and research institutions,international development agencies and foundations,international organizations,non-governmental development organizations,private sector companies and advocacy and resource mobilisation partners.Ultimately,the GSA calls for a partnership to work for the benefit of endemic countries by addressing health inequity and rural poverty. | Lorenzo Savioli Marco Albonico Daniel G.Colley Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira Alan Fenwick Will Green Narcis Kabatereine Achille Kabore Naftale Katz Katharina Klohe Philip TLoVerde David Rollinson JRussell Stothard Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuente Johannes Waltz Xiao-Nong Zhou | 2017 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2017，6，1： | 1 |
| 3 | 二十一世纪的医学蠕虫学显示文摘非洲的血吸虫使约 450 0万人患血尿症、 2 1 0 0万人患排尿困难症、 1 4 0 0万人患输尿管积水症、 70 0万人患肝肿大 ,而钩虫则估计导致现有 3 3 0 0万非洲人患贫血症。 | Daniel G.Colley 李伟 | 2002 | 世界科学2002，，1： | 0 |
| 4 | Evaluation of morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni-positive primary and secondary school children after four years of mass drug administration of praziquantel in western Kenya显示文摘Background:World Health Organization guidelines recommend preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis.The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine if 4 years of annual mass drug administration(MDA)in primary and secondary schools lowered potential markers of morbidity in infected children 1 year after the final MDA compared to infected children prior to initial MDA intervention.Methods:Between 2012 and 2016 all students in two primary and three secondary schools within three kilometers of Lake Victoria in western Kenya received annual mass praziquantel administration.To evaluate potential changes in morbidity we measured height,weight,mid-upper arm circumference,hemoglobin levels,abdominal ultrasound,and quality of life in children in these schools.This study compared two cross-sectional samples of Schistosoma mansoni egg-positive children:one at baseline and one at year five,1 year after the fourth annual MDA.Data were analyzed for all ages(6–18 years old)and stratified by primary(6–12 years old)and secondary(12–18 years old)school groups.Results:The prevalence of multiple potential morbidity markers did not differ significantly between the egg-positive participants at baseline and those at 5 years by Mann Whitney nonparametric analysis and Fisher’s exact test for continuous and categorical data,respectively.There was a small but significantly higher score in school-related quality of life assessment by year five compared to baseline by Mann Whitney analysis(P=0.048)in 13–18 year olds where malaria-negative.However,anemia was not positively impacted by four annual rounds of MDA,but registered a significant negative outcome.Conclusions:We did not detect differences in morbidity markers measured in a population of those infected or re-infected after multiple MDA.This could have been due to their relative insensitivity or a failure of MDA to prevent morbidity among those who remain infected.High malaria transmission in this area and/or a lack of suitable methods to measure the more subtle functional morbidities caused by schistosomiasis could be a factor.Further research is needed to identify and develop well-defined,easily quantifiable S.mansoni morbidity markers for this age group. | Bernard O.Abudho Bernard Guyah Bartholomew N.Ondigo Eric M.Ndombi Edmund Ireri Jennifer M.Carter Diana K.Riner Nupur Kittur Diana M.S.Karanja Daniel G.Colley | 2020 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2020，9，3： | 0 |
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