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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Opioid receptor contributes to ischemic preconditioning through protein kinase C activation in rabbits 显示文摘 | Miki T Cohen M Downey J | 1998 | Mol Cell Biochem1998，186，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Oxygen radicals released during isehemic preconditioning contribute to cardioprotection in the rabbit myocardium显示文摘 | Baines CP Goto M Downey JM | 1997 | J Mol Cell Cardiol1997，29，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Exploiting process lifetime distributions for load balaeing显示文摘 | Harchol-Balter M Downey A | 1997 | ACM transaction on Computer Systems1997，3，31： | 1 |
| 5 | Unsupervised named-entity extraction from the web: An experimental study 显示文摘 | Etzioni M Cafarella D Downey S | 2005 | Artificial Intelligence2005，165，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Ischemic preconditioning:from basic mechanisms to clinical applications 显示文摘 | Nakano A Cohen M V Downey J M | 2000 | Pharmacol Ther2000，86，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Recurrence of primary breast lymphoma in contralateral breast:case report and review of the literature显示文摘 | Earnest R E Downey D M Fox J P | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 8 | Fixed-parameter tractability and completeness Ⅱ: On completeness for W显示文摘 | DOWNEY R G FELLOWS M R | 1995 | Theoretical Computer Science A1995，141，12： | 1 |
| 9 | The pH hypothesis of postconditioning:staccato reperfusion reintroduces oxygen and perpe tuates myocardial acidosis 显示文摘 | COHEN M V YANG X M DOWNEY J M | 2007 | Circulation2007，115，14： | 1 |
| 10 | Recent technological advances for the determination of food authenticity显示文摘 | REID L M ('DONNELL C P DOWNEY G | 2006 | Trends in Food Science & Technology2006，17，7： | 1 |
| 11 | Exclusion of sunlightfrom Shiraz grapes alters wine colour,tannin and sensory proper-ties 显示文摘 | Ristic R Downey M O Iland P G | 2007 | Aust J Grape Wine Res2007，13，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Acidosis, oxygen, and interference with mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation in the early minutes of reperfusion are critical to posteonditioning's success 显示文摘 | COHEN M V YANG X M DOWNEY J M | 2008 | Basic Research in Cardiology2008，103，5： | 1 |
| 13 | The cellular mechanisms of ischeamic and pharmacological preconditioning显示文摘 | Downey J M | 2004 | Cardiovasc J S Afr2004，15，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves显示文摘 | Bogs J Downey M O Harvey J S | 2005 | Plant Physiology2005，139，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Osteo-chondro- progenitor-specific deletion of the selenocysteine tRNA gene, Trsp,leads to ehondronecrosis and abnormal skeletal develop- ment: A putative model for Kashin-Beck disease 显示文摘 | Downey C M Horton C R Carlson B A | 2009 | PLoS Genet2009，5，10： | 1 |
| 16 | Ische- mic preconditioning through opening of swelling-acti- vated chloride channels? 显示文摘 | HEUSCH G COHEN M V DOWNEY J M | 2001 | Circ Res2001，89，： | 1 |
| 17 | The effect of bunch shading on berry development and fla- vonoid accumulation in Shiraz grapes 显示文摘 | DOWNEY M O HARVEY J S ROBINSON S P | 2004 | Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research2004，10，1： | 1 |
| 18 | The effect of bunch shading on berry development and flavonoid accumulation in Shiraz grapes 显示文摘 | DOWNEY M O HARVEY J S ROBINSON S P | 2004 | Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research2004，10，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Signal transduction in ischemic preconditioning:The role of kinase and mitochondrial KATP channels显示文摘 | Baines C P Cohen M V Downey J M | 1999 | J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol1999，10，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Recent technological advances for the determination of food authenticity 显示文摘 | Reid M L O'Dommellb P C Downey G | 2006 | Trends in Food Science & Technology2006，17，： | 1 |
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