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| 1 | 川中丘陵区小流域泥沙来源的^(137)Cs和^(210)Pb双同位素法研究显示文摘在2002年开展的川中丘陵区武家沟小流域泥沙来源的调查中, 137Cs和210Pb双同位素示踪法得到了应用, 流域内陡坡林地、缓坡农台地和裸坡地表层土壤的137Cs和210Pb平均含量分别为(7.15±0.40)和(162.01±3.86) Bq·kg-1; (4.01±0.31)和(70.96±2.65) Bq·kg-1; 0和(15.12±1.22) Bq·kg-1. 近期水库淤积泥沙的137Cs和210Pb含量分别为(3.06±0.23)和(72.66±1.61) Bq·kg-1. 运用混合模型求得林地、农地和裸坡地(含沟岸)的相对来沙量分别为18%, 46%和36%. 农台地和裸坡地(含沟岸)是流域内最重要和次重要的泥沙来源. 根据1956年以来水库的泥沙淤积量, 流域输沙模数为642 t·(km2·a)-1, 占流域面积约2/3的林地和1/3的农地的侵蚀模数分别为173和886 t·(km2·a)-1. | 张信宝 贺秀斌 文安邦 D.E.Walling 冯明义 邹翔 | 2004 | 科学通报2004，49，15： | 51 |
| 2 | ^210Pbex在土壤中的深度分布和通过^210Pbex法求算土壤侵蚀速率模型显示文摘中国和英国的3个土壤剖面给出了非农耕地和农耕地土壤中。210Pbex和137Cs的深度分布,这两种核素的深度分布非常相似,非农耕地核素的最大浓度出现在土壤表层,向下浓度呈指数急剧降低;农耕地核素基本均匀分布于犁耕层深度内.中国黄土高原的210Pbex本底值为573 mBq/cm2,略高于英国的520 mBq/cm2.20世纪50~70年代核试验产生的137Cs在土壤中呈非稳定态分布,而土壤中的天然核素210Pb在土壤环境和侵蚀过程长期不变的情况下,呈稳定态分布.因此,土壤中210Pbex的质量平衡不同于137Cs.根据210Pbex连续沉降、衰变和流失的过程,推导出非农耕地和农耕地土壤中210Pbex稳定态分布的质量平衡模型,用以计算土壤侵蚀速率.此外,还给出了通过无侵蚀草地土壤中210Pbex的深度分布,求算农耕地210Pbex表层富集系数的方法. | 张信宝 D.E.Walling 冯明义 文安邦 | 2003 | 科学通报2003，48，5： | 26 |
| 3 | 黄土丘陵区小流域侵蚀产沙对坡耕地退耕响应的^137Cs法显示文摘通过赵家沟小流域1993年前后坝库泥沙淤积量和^(137)Cs含量的对比,分析了黄土丘陵区梁峁坡地退耕后流域输沙模数和沟谷地、沟间地相对产沙量的变化。梁峁坡耕地大面积退耕后,短期内流域产沙量不但没有减少,反而有所增加;沟间地输沙模数和相对产沙量迅速减少,沟谷地输沙模数和相对产沙量增加。1994~1996年3年的输沙模数为29650t·(km^2·a)^(-1),是该流域多年平均输沙模数13413t·(km^2·a)^(-1)的2.2倍。沟间地输沙模数不断下降,从1994年的14335 t·(km^2·a)^(-1)下降到1995年的7034 t·(km^2·a)^(-1)和1996年的3517 t·(km^2·a)^(-1),沟谷地平均输沙模数变化于44944和62136t·(km^2·a)^(-1)之间,远高于1993年前的21118 t·(km^2·a)^(-1)。沟间地相对来沙量从1994年的23%减少到1995年的15%及1996年的6%,而沟谷地相对来沙量从1994年的77%增加到1995年的85%及1996年的94%。退耕后耕作上逐渐密实,抗蚀性增强,侵蚀减弱,但土壤密实后入渗率降低,梁峁坡地产流量增加,梁峁坡地流入沟谷的径流量加大,加剧了沟谷地的冲沟侵蚀和重力侵蚀,沟谷地的侵蚀量和相对产沙量增大,从而导致流域产沙量增加。 | 冯明义 D.E.Walling 张信宝 文安邦 | 2003 | 科学通报2003，48，13： | 25 |
| 4 | 犁耕作用对^(137)Cs法测算农耕地土壤侵蚀量的影响显示文摘原子弹爆炸产生的放射性尘埃^(137)Cs 降到地表后,被地表土壤的胶体颗粒牢固的吸附,^(137)Cs以后的运动主要取决土壤颗粒的物理运动.1954—1965年是核尘埃的主要产出期,其中以1963—1964年浓度最大,1970年以后,核尘埃的产出量极微.^(137)Cs 的半衰期为30.1a,是研究土壤侵蚀、泥沙运移的一种较好的人工同位素. | 张信宝 李少龙 T.A.Quine D.E.Walling | 1993 | 科学通报1993，38，22： | 17 |
| 5 | 210Pb(ex) depth distribution in soil and calibration models for assessment of soil erosion rates from 210Pb(ex) measurements显示文摘Three soil cores collected from China and UK show the 210Pbex and 137Cs depth distribution on uncultivated and cultivated land. Depth distributions of the two nuclides are very similar. Those nuclide concentrations are higher in the top horizon and decrease exponentially with depth on uncultivated land while the concentrations are almost uni-form throughout the plough layer as a result of mixing asso-ciated with cultivation on cultivated land. 210Pbex reference inventory in the Loess Plateau is 573 mBq·cm-2, a little higher than 520.0 mBq·cm-2 in UK. Distribution of artificial fallout 137Cs, produced during the nuclear testing period of the late 1950s and 1960s, is in an unsteady state. In contrast, distribution of natural fallout 210Pbex is in a steady state un-der constant conditions of land environment and erosion processes for a long term, e.g. >100 years. Therefore, mass balances of 137Cs and 210Pbex in soil are different. According to its processes of continues deposition from the atmosphere, nature decay and losses with soil losses, 210Pbex steady state mass balance models for cultivated land as well as for uncul-tivated land are developed to estimate soil erosion rates in this paper. Besides, the proportion of freshly deposited 210Pbex fallout removed by erosion on cultivated land can also be calculated from 210Pbex depth distribution at a reference site of uneroded permanent grass land. | ZHANGXinbao D.E.Walling FENGMingyi WENAnbang | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，8： | 16 |
| 6 | 黄土高原小流域植被变化和侵蚀产沙的孢粉示踪研究初探显示文摘如同137Cs和210Pbex核尘埃,土壤和坝库沉积物中的孢粉也源于大气沉降,是否能用于侵蚀产沙的示踪研究?在陕北吴旗周湾水库采集了一些表层土壤和现代淤地坝、古代聚湫坝沉积泥沙的样品,尝试土地利用/覆被变化和侵蚀产沙的孢粉示踪研究。初步研究表明:草地表土孢粉丰富,平均浓度为26077粒/g;有33个科属的花粉,孢粉组合反映了当地以蒿属为主的半干旱温带草原植被;坡耕地表土的孢粉组合和草地一致,但孢粉平均浓度远低于草地,仅5844粒/g。坝库沉积剖面中,和137Cs核素一样,孢粉也富集于每一洪水沉积旋迴的上部层位,可用于沉积旋迴的区分。现代沉积旋迴的孢粉平均浓度,远低于草地和坡耕地表土,这表明草地和坡耕地土壤不是沉积泥沙的主要来源。古代沉积物的孢粉平均浓度高于现代沉积,表明流域内300年前的植被好于现代,或300年前沟谷地的相对产沙量低于现代。古代孢粉组合中十字花科花粉比例高达36·85%,明显高于现代的0·58%含量,这表明草地退化严重,十字花科植物比例急剧降低。孢粉示踪技术在植被环境恢复,沉积旋迴区分,和泥沙来源确定等方面具有一定的潜力,但应建立针对土地利用/覆被变化和侵蚀产沙研究的孢粉示踪技术方法。 | 张信宝 D.E.Walling 贺秀斌 文安邦 温仲明 冯明义 杨勤科 齐永青 | 2005 | 第四纪研究2005，25，6： | 15 |
| 7 | Sediment source identification by using ^(137)_Cs and ^(210)Pb radionuclides in a small catchment of the Hilly Sichuan Basin, China显示文摘Double radionuclide tracers of 137Cs and 210Pb were used to investigate sediment sources in the Wujia Gully, a small catchment in the Hilly Sichuam Basin in 2002. Aver-age 137Cs and 210Pb concentrations in the source soils of the steep forest slopes, gentle cultivated terraces and bare slopes were 7.15±0.40 and 162.01±3.86 Bqkg-1, 4.01±0.31 and 70.96±2.65 Bq·kg-1, and 0 and 15.12±1.22 Bq·kg-1, re-spectively, while those concentrations in the recently depos-ited sediments in the reservoir were 3.06±0.23 and 72.66±1.61 Bq·kg-1, respectively. By using the mixing model, the relative sediment contributions from steep forest slopes, gen-tle cultivated terraces and bare slopes (including channel banks) were estimated to be 18%, 46% and 36%, respec-tively. Cultivated terraces and bare slopes (including channel banks) were the first and the second important sediment sources in catchment. Specific sediment yield in the catch-ment was 642 t·km-2·a-1 from the deposited sediment volume in the reservoir since 1956. Soil erosion rates for the forest slopes and cultivated terraces, which accounted for 2/3 and 1/3 of the drainage area in the catchment, were esti-mated to be 173 and 886 t·km-2·a-1, respectively. | ZHANGXinbao HEXiubin WENAnbang D.E.Walling FENGMingyi ZOUXiang | 2004 | Chinese Science Bulletin2004，49，18： | 14 |
| 8 | 基于湖库沉积剖面^(137)Cs变化的流域表层侵蚀速率计算模型显示文摘根据湖库沉积剖面中1970年以后的137Cs浓度递减速率,推导出农耕和非农耕流域平均表 层侵蚀速率的理论模型.选择了国内外的一些湖泊和水库,利用实测数据和已有的研究资料对模 型计算结果进行了验证.证明了该计算模型的在小流域尺度上有较高的精确度,为流域侵蚀产沙估 算,特别是对无常规观测数据地区水土流失的评价提供了便捷的替代性技术方法和途径. | 贺秀斌 张信宝 D.E.Walling | 2005 | 自然科学进展2005，15，4： | 10 |
| 9 | 云南楚雄九龙甸水库沉积剖面^137Cs、^210Pbex和细粒泥沙含量的变化及其解译显示文摘除深度231~137cm的1963年137Cs蓄积峰外(4.26±0.35 Bq.kg-1),九龙甸水库长393cm的沉积剖面还有二个高137Cs或210Pbex含量的异常峰。上异常峰的137Cs和210Pbex含量分别为10.90±0.49 Bq.kg-1和59.20±3.4 Bq.kg-1;下异常峰仅210Pbex含量高43.40±6.4 Bq.kg-1。上、下异常峰分别和1998年春的森林火灾和1960年春的烧荒种地有关。下异常峰未有137Cs检出,可能和当时137Cs累积沉降量还较低有关。1958-1960年大跃进期间的森林砍伐和其后的植被恢复,对流域侵蚀产沙和水库淤积有重要的影响。由于1958-1959年森林砍伐引起了强烈的土壤侵蚀,水库淤积严重,同期的淤沙速率和相应的淤沙模数分别高达83.86×104t.a-1和3255.4 t.km2.a-1。随着森林砍伐的停止和植被的恢复,流域内土壤侵蚀逐渐减缓。1960-1962年期间,水库淤沙速率和相应的淤沙模数分别降至40.88×104t.a-1和1587.0 t.km2.a-1;1963年后,更分别降至6.19~7.73×104t.a-1和240.2~291.5 t.km2.a-1。沉积泥沙粒度的变化对流域植被的破坏和恢复有较好的响应。大跃进期间森林砍伐引起的强烈侵蚀产沙,导致剖面下部泥沙粒度较粗;随着植被逐渐恢复,侵蚀减弱,剖面上部泥沙粒度变细。 | 文安邦 张信宝 李豪 D.E.Walling 齐永青 | 2008 | 泥沙研究2008，33，6： | 10 |
| 10 | A study on responses of soil erosion and sediment yield to closing cultivation on sloping land in a small catchment using (137)Cs technique in the Rolling Loess Plateau, China显示文摘Abstract By comparison of volumes and 137Cs contents of the deposited sediments before and after 1993, changes of specific sediment yields and relative sediment contributions from the gully area and from the inter gully area after closing cultivation on the later area on a small catchment of Zhaojia Gully, in the Rolling Loess Plateau, are analyzed in this paper. Closing cultivation in a large scale has not resulted in decrease but increase of specific sediment yield of the catchment, in sharp decrease of the sediment yield and the relative sediment contribution of the inter-gully area, and in increase of the sediment yield and the contribution of the gully area, for a short term. The mean specific sediment yield of 29650 t km-2 a-1 of 1994—1996 in the catchment was 2.2 times the average value of 13413 t km-2 a-1 for a long term. The specific sediment yield of the inter-gully area decreased from the 14335 t km-2 a-1 in 1994 to 7034 t km-2 a-1 in 1995 and 3517 t km-2 a-1 in 1996, while the yield of the gully area varied between 44944 and 62136 t km-2 a-1 during the period of 1994—1996 which was much greater than the value of 21118 t km-2 a-1 before 1993. The relative sediment contribution from the inter-gully area decreased from 23% in 1994 to 15% in 1995 and 6% in 1996, while the contribution from the gully area increased from 77% in 1994 to 85% in 1995 and 94% in 1996. It is suggested that compacting of ploughed soils resulted in increasing of the erosion resistance but in decreasing of the precipitation infiltration, therefore, the soil erosion reduced but the runoff amount increased on the inter-gully area. Increase of delivering runoff from the inter-gully area to the gully area should result in activeness of gully erosion and mass movements, consequently, in increase of the total sediment yield from the catchment. | FENGMingy D.E.Walling ZHANGXinbao WENAnbang | 2003 | Chinese Science Bulletin2003，48，19： | 7 |
| 11 | Upscaling the use of fallout radionuclides in soil erosion and sediment budget investigations:Addressing the challenge显示文摘The application of fallout radionuclides in soil erosion investigations and related sediment budget studies has provided a widely used tool for improving understanding of soil erosion and sediment transfer processes.However,most studies using fallout radionuclides undertaken to date have focussed on small areas.This focus on small areas reflects both the issues addressed and practical constraints associated with sample collection and analysis.Increasing acceptance of the important role of fine sediment in degrading aquatic habitats and in the transfer and fate of nutrients and contaminants within terrestrial and fluvial systems has emphasised the need to consider larger areas and the catchment or regional scale.The need to upscale existing approaches to the use of fallout radionuclides to larger areas represents an important challenge.This contribution provides a brief review of existing and potential approaches to upscaling the use of fallout radionuclides and presents two examples where such approaches have been successfully applied.These involve a national scale assessment of soil erosion rates in England and Wales based on 137Cs measurements and an investigation of the sediment budgets of three small/intermediate-size catchments in southern Italy. | D.E.Walling P.Porto Y.Zhang P.Du | 2014 | International Soil and Water Conservation Research2014，2，3： | 0 |
| 12 | PROPOSAL TO ORGANIZE A WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENT RESEARCH显示文摘Sediment Problems - Matter of Global Concern
In the twenty-first century, humanity will be confronted with three major problems, namely rapid increase in population, shortage of natural resources and protection of the environment. There will be a pressing demand for more land and water resources, more raw materials and a decent environment with more balanced ecology for people to live in. Sediment problems in general, including those arising from land erosion, sediment transport in streams and sediment deposition in reservoirs and lakes, will directly affect the rational development of water and soil resources, the control of floods in rivers and the protection of the environment as well as ecology in river basins and hence will impact all the three problems listed above. | Bingnan Lin Cheng-Lung Chen D.E.Walling | 2003 | International Journal of Sediment Research2003，18，4： | 0 |
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