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| 1 | Monitoring dioxins and PCBs in eggs as sensitive indicators for environmental pollution and global contaminated sites and recommendations for reducing and controlling releases and exposure显示文摘This review compiles information on PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated eggs from 20 years of global egg monitoring around emission sources in four continents conducted by the International Pollutants Elimination Network(IPEN)and Arnika as well as a compilation of data from scientific literature.IPEN monitored 127 pooled egg samples including samples from 113 chicken flocks at potential PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated sites around priority sources listed in the Stockholm Convention(e.g.waste incinerators,metal industries,cement plants,and open burning).99(88%)of pooled egg samples were above the EU maximum limits for PCDD/Fs(2.5 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat)or the sum of PCDD/Fs and dioxinlike PCBs(5 pg PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/g fat).Children consuming such eggs exceed the tolerable weekly intake(TWI).This demonstrates that close to 90%of these areas were not safe for the production of free-range eggs.Sixteen out of the 113 egg samples(14%)were contaminated above 50 pg TEQ/g fat and exceeded the EU maximum limit more than 10 times.From the 26 pooled egg samples around incinerators 24(92%)exceeded the limit with a mean of 43.1 pg TEQ/g fat(2.6e234 pg TEQ/g).All 21 egg samples around metal industries(4.4e112.6 pg TEQ/g fat)were above limits with mean concentration of 26.0 pg TEQ/g fat.Also all 7 egg samples measured at e-waste recycling sites were above limits(mean 308 pg TEQ/g fat).In 58(51%)pooled egg samples the PCB-TEQ was above 5 pg TEQ/g fat exceeding the EU maximum limit with dioxin-like PCBs alone.This highlights the role of commercial PCBs for global contamination with dioxin-like compounds.It was discovered that around metal industries,shredder plants,open burning sites of e-waste and dump sites,a high share of contamination was caused by dl-PCBs.This clearly shows severe PCB release from the end-of-life management of PCB-containing equipment in developing countries.Also highly contaminated eggs were found at many sites where plastic was incinerated.The highest contaminated egg sample ever measured came from an e-waste site in Ghana and had 856 pg TEQ/g fat plus 300 pg TEQ from brominated dioxins(PBDD/Fs).Other extreme PCDD/F contaminations of eggs were found at a chlor-alkali site(514 pg TEQ/g fat),Agent Orange contaminated areas in Vietnam(490,249 and 246 pg TEQ/g fat)and e-waste sites(568 and 520 pg TEQ/g fat).Where DR CALUX®bioassay revealed higher TEQ compared to measured PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ in IPEN studies,polybrominated PBDD/F were also measured and detected up to 300 pg TEQ/g fat at e-waste sites.One positive outcome from the IPEN studies is that all 10 pooled supermarket eggs in developing countries were below regulatory limit.Policy recommendations are made including:a systematic assessment of areas around PCDD/Fs and PCBs sources;measures for reduction of exposures of populations;urgent control of emission sources including PCB equipment,the open burning of plastic,and the use of plastic as fuel in boilers/incinerators in developing countries without air pollution control.Furthermore,soil limits need to be re-assessed and lowered for free-range poultry. | Jindrich Petrlik Lee Bell Joe DiGangi Serge Molly Allo'o Allo'o Gilbert Kuepouo Griffins Ochieng Ochola Valeriya Grechko Nikola Jelinek Jitka Strakova Martin Skalsky Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega Jonathan N.Hogarh Eric Akortia Sam Adu-Kumi Akarapon Teebthaisong Maria Carcamo Bjorn Beeler Peter Behnisch Claudia Baitinger Christine Herold Roland Weber | 2022 | Emerging Contaminants2022，8，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Setting times of Resilon and other sealers in aerobic and anaerobic environments 显示文摘 | Nielsen BA Beeler WJ Vy C | 2006 | J Endod2006，32，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Celluar and hu- moral immune responses to measles in measles in immune a- dults re - immunized with measles vaccine 显示文摘 | Wong Chew RM Beeler JA Audet S | 2003 | J Med Virol2003，70，2： | 1 |
| 4 | An economic evaluation of the use of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in the expanded program of inmunization of Guizhou province,China显示文摘 | Yin Z Beeler Asay GR Zhang L | | 0，，37： | 1 |
| 5 | Pharmacological interaction of drugs with immune receptors:the p-i concept 显示文摘 | Pichler WJ Beeler A Keller M | 2006 | Allergol Int2006，55，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Drug-specific in vitro release of IL-2, IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-gamma in patients with delayed-type drug hypersensitivity显示文摘 | Lochmatter P Beeler A Kawabata Tr | 2009 | Allergy2009，64，9： | 1 |
| 7 | A comparative analysis of fattyinfiltration and muscle atrophy in patients with chronic rotatorcuff tears and suprascapular neuropathy 显示文摘 | Beeler S Ek ET Gerber C | 2013 | J Shoulder ElbowSurg2013，22，11： | 1 |
| 8 | Virtual shaping of a two-dimensional NACA 0015 airfoil using synthetic jet actuator显示文摘 | Chen F J Beeler G B | 2002 | AIAA Paper2002，2002，： | 1 |
| 9 | A comparative study of smear layer removal using different salts of ED- TA显示文摘 | O'Connell MS Morgan LA Beeler WJ | 2000 | J Endod2000，26，： | 1 |
| 10 | CD69 upregulation on Tcells as an in vitro marker for delayed-type drug hypersensitivity显示文摘 | Beeler A Zaccaria L Kawabata T | 2008 | Allergy2008，63，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Influenza in dogs and cats显示文摘 | Beeler E | 2009 | Veter Clin North AmerSmall Ani Pract2009，39，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Neutralization epitopes of the F glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus: effect of mutation upon fusion function显示文摘 | Beeler JA Van Wyke CK | 1989 | J Virol1989，63，7： | 1 |
| 13 | Attitudes and referral patterns of primary care physicians when evaluating subjects with noncardiac chest pain-a national survey显示文摘 | Wong WA Beeler J Risner-Adler S | 2005 | Dig Dis Sci2005，50，： | 1 |
| 14 | Development of Synthetic Jet Actuators for Active Flow Control at NASA Langley 显示文摘 | F J Chen C Yao G B Beeler | 2000 | AIAA2000，2405，： | 1 |
| 15 | A comparativestudy of smear layer removal using different salts of EDTA显示文摘 | O’Connell MS Morgan LA Beeler WJ | 2000 | JEndod2000，26，12： | 1 |
| 16 | Influenza in dogs and cats 显示文摘 | Beeler E | 2009 | Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract2009，39，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Drug-specific in vitro release of IL-2,IL-5,IL-13 and IFN-gamma in patients with delayed-type drug hypersensitivity显示文摘 | Lochmatter P Beeler A Kawabata TT | 2009 | Allergy2009，64，9： | 1 |
| 18 | Reactogenicity and immunogenici- ty of a quadravalent combined meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children 显示文摘 | Lepow M L Beeler J Randolph M | 1986 | J Infect Dis1986，154，： | 1 |
| 19 | In vitro tests of T cell-mediated drug hyper-sensitivity显示文摘 | Beeler A Pichler W J | 2006 | Expert Rev Clin Immunol2006，2，6： | 1 |
| 20 | CD69 upregulation on T cells as an in vitro marker for delayed-type drug hypersensitivity显示文摘 | Beeler A Zaccaria L Kawabata T | 2008 | Allergy2008，63，2： | 1 |
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