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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | Cost-effectiveness analysis in relation to budgetary constraints and reallocative restrictions显示文摘 | Adang E Voordijk L Ament A | 2005 | Health Policy2005，74，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Human erythrocytes enhance interferon- gamma production by human lymphocytes显示文摘 | Keyes L Liao MJ Ament T | 1986 | Fed Proc1986，45，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma: on what do we agree and disagree? 显示文摘 | Vergote I du Bois Av Ament Fv et a1 | 2013 | Gynecol Onco)2013，128，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Median power frequency of the surface EMG and blood lactate in incremental cycle ergometry 显示文摘 | Jansen R Ament W Erkerke GJ | 1997 | Eur J Appl Physioll1997，75，2： | 1 |
| 6 | A parallel precon- ditioned conjugate gradient solver for the Poisson problem on a multi-GPU显示文摘 | AMENT M KNITTEL G WEISKOPF D | 2010 | Parallel distributed and network-based compu- ting2010，，6： | 1 |
| 7 | Economic evaluation in stroke research : a systematic review显示文摘 | Evers SM Ament AJ Blaauw G | 2000 | Stroke2000，31，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Low blood and plasma carnitine levels in children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition显示文摘 | KA Dahlstrom ME Ament A Moukarzel | 1990 | J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1990，11，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Applications of metabolomics for understanding the action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in diabetes,obesity and cancer显示文摘 | Ament Z Masoodi M Griffin JL | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 10 | Differential timing of spider mite-induced direct and indirect defenses in tomato plants显示文摘 | KANT M R AMENT K SABELIS M W | 2004 | Plant Physiol2004，135，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Comparative statistical study for the ultimoate stress in unbonded post tensioning显示文摘 | Ament J Chakrabarti P R Putcha C S | 1997 | ACI structure Journal1997，94，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Differential timing of spider mite-induced direct and indirect defenses in tomato plants 显示文摘 | Kant M R Ament K Sabelis M W | 2004 | Plant Physiology2004，135，1： | 1 |
| 13 | The Boston Keratoprosthesis显示文摘 | Ament JD Pineda R Lawson B | 2009 | Cornea2009，28，： | 1 |
| 14 | 查看详情显示文摘 | Ament C Polynkin P Moloney J V | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Reducing adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors显示文摘 | Ament PW Dicola DB James ME | 2012 | Am Fam Physician2012，86，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Zwischenberichte EFRB 2000显示文摘 | G Goch Ch Ament M Sorg Th Rethmann M Lemmel | 2000 | /12000，2，： | 1 |
| 17 | Respiratopy ammonia ouput and blood ammonia concentration during incremental exercise 显示文摘 | AMENT W HUIZENGA J R KORT E | 1999 | Sports Med1999，20，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Economic evaluation in stroke research:A systematic review显示文摘 | Evers S M Ament A J Blaauw G | 2000 | Stroke2000，31，5： | 1 |
| 19 | Cost-utility of a cardiovaseula prevention program in highly educated adults: intermediate result~ of a randomized controlled trial 显示文摘 | Jacohs N Evers S Ament A | 2010 | Int J Technol Assess Healtl Care2010，26，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Linezolid:Its role in the treatment of gram-positive,drug-resistant bacterial infections显示文摘 | Ament PW Jamshed N Home JP | 2002 | Am Faro Physician2002，65，： | 1 |
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