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| 1 | Identification and characterization of Trichoderma species aggressive to Pleurotus in Italy显示文摘In the late 1980’s the deve lop ment of a severe epidemic of green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. was not ed in the commercial production of Agaricus bisporus (champignon) in the U nited Kingdom, North America, Spain and Holland, which caused extensive economic losses. The parasitic fungi isolated from the edible mushroom belonged to four biotypes, Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4 of T. harzianum. However, among these biotypes, only Th2 (since c lassified as T. aggressivum f. europaeum) and Th4 (T. aggressivum f. aggressivum) were identified as the fungi causing problems in Agaricus production. In general, mushroom compost hosts both aggressive and innocuous is olates of Trichoderma, which are not morphologically distinguishable. Abo ut four years ago, a problem with green mold became apparent in the production o f Pleurotus ostreatus in Northern Italy, which eventually developed to a c risis situation in the South two years later and threatened to seriously comprom ise the Pleurotus market. This study was initiated to: isolate and identif y the aggressive fungi, then morphologically, physiologically and genetically characterize the isolates, dete rmine the source and phases of infection, and study methods of control. Samples were obtained from different phases of compost preparation at the locality of a major producer and supplier of compost to the mushroom industry in Southern Ital y, and microbial counts were conducted. Although the presence of Trichoderma was detected in the initial stages of composting, this value was reduced to zero from the phase of pasteurization to seeding with Pleurotus. Trichoderma infestations were noted in the packaged Pleurotus bales at various time s during the incubation phase (7-15 days after seeding) and after shipping to th e mushroom greenhouses, where the pathogen infestations greatly reduced the qual ity and quantity of the mushroom yield, as well as the number of potential harvest cycles. Preliminary r esults from the morphological and genetic characterization of Trichoderma isolates parasitic to Pleurotus indicated that they are different from bot h T. aggressivum forms parasitic to Agaricus, and the majority of the isolates probably belong to the species T. harzianum. In vitr o confrontation plates were performed with 26 isolates of aggressive Trich oderma obtained from compost, three Trichoderma isolates used in biolog ical control and 12 varieties of Pleurotus. No inhibitory effect was obse rved between any of the Trichoderma isolates with Pleurotus, althou gh some growth inhibition was caused by the biocontrol isolates of Trichoderm a on some of the aggressive isolates. The temperature optimum for Pleurotus growth was at 28 ℃, whereas Trichoderma grew well at a wider range (20- 28 ℃), and exceeded the growth rate of Pleurotus by three times at 25 ℃. T he pH optimum for the growth of Pleurotus was alkaline (pH 8-9) whereas Trichoderma preferred acidic-neutral pH (5-7) . Various commercial fungicides used in agriculture (procloraz, thiabendazole, dichloran, benomyl, p r opiconazole, thiofanatomethyl) were tested against the aggressive and biocontro l isolates of Trichoderma, as well as the different varieties of Pleuro tus to determine dose response curves and combinations that would inhibit spo re germination, mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation. Both procloraz and thiabendazole, which are pesticides allowed in e dible mushroom production, were found to control the growth of the aggressive Trichoderma isolates and did not have a negative effect on Pleurotus. | Woo S L Di Benedetto P Senatore M Abadi K Gigante S Soriente I Ferraioli S Scala F Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 2 |
| 2 | A logic of authentication显示文摘 | M Burrows M Abadi R M Needham | 1989 | Proc R Soc Lond1989，，： | 2 |
| 3 | A logic of cryptographic 显示文摘 | Burrows M Abadi M Needham R M | 1990 | ACM Transaction on Computer Systems1990，8，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Mercury adsorption properties of sulfur-impregnated adsorbents 显示文摘 | Hsi H Rood M J Abadi M R | 2002 | Journal of Environmental Engineering2002，128，11： | 1 |
| 5 | A Logic of Authentication显示文摘 | Burrows M Abadi M Needham R | 1990 | ACM TCS1990，18，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Engineered CCR5 superagonist chemokine as adjuvant in anti-tumor DNA vaccination显示文摘 | Dorgham K Abadie V Iga M Hartley O Gorochov G Combadiere B | 2008 | Vaccine2008，26，26： | 1 |
| 7 | A Logic of Authentication显示文摘 | Burrows M Abadi M Needham R | 1990 | ACM Transactions on Computer Systems1990，8，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Canassociations between free fatty acid levels and metabolic parameters determine insulin resistance development in obese Zueker rats 显示文摘 | Abadie J M Malcom GT Porter JR | 2001 | Life Sec2001，69，： | 1 |
| 9 | A novel genetic algorithm for solving production and transportation scheduling in a two - stage sup- ply chain显示文摘 | Zegordi S Abadi I Nia M | 2010 | Computers & Industrial Engineering2010，58，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Ceramic Membrane Performance in Microfiltration of Oily Wastewater 显示文摘 | Abadi S Sebzari M Hemati M | 2011 | Desalination2011，265，13： | 1 |
| 11 | Adenomyosis symptoms,history and pregnancy termination显示文摘 | Levgur M Abadi M A Tucher A | 2002 | Obstet Gynecol2002，95，5： | 1 |
| 12 | A logic of authen- tication显示文摘 | Burrows M Abadi M Needham R | 1990 | ACM Transactions on Computer System1990，8，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Just fast keying in the pi calculus显示文摘 | ABADI M BLANCHET B | 2007 | ACM Trans on Information and System Security (TISSEC)2007，10，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Deposition of fine particles on building internal surfaces显示文摘 | EL HAMDANI S LIMAM K ABADIE M O | 2008 | Atmospheric Environment2008，42，39： | 1 |
| 15 | Effect of supplemental dietary L-carnitine and ractopamine on the performance of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss显示文摘 | Jalali Haji abadi S M A Soofiani N M Sadeghi A A | 2010 | Aquaculture Research2010，41，： | 1 |
| 16 | Authentication in distributed systems: Theory and pratiee 显示文摘 | Lampson B Abadi M Burrows M | 1992 | ACM Trans Computer Systems1992，10，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Distal femur rotational alignment and patellar subluxation:a CT scan in vivo assessment显示文摘 | Abadie P Galaud B Michaut M | 2009 | Orthop Traumatol Surg Res2009，95，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Analyzing security protocols with secrecy types and logic programs显示文摘 | ABADI M BLANCHET B | 2005 | Journal of the ACM (JACM)2005，52，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Adenomyosis:symptoms,histology,and pregnancy termination显示文摘 | Levgur M Abadi MA Tucker A | 2002 | Obstet Gynecol2002，95，5： | 1 |
| 20 | Adenomyosis : symptoms, histology, and pregnancy, terminations 显示文摘 | Levgur M Abadi MA Tucher A | 2002 | Obstet Gynecol2002，95，5： | 1 |
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