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| 1 | Hydrocarbon sources and stages of reservoir formation in Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin显示文摘Kuqa depression bears not only plenty ofnatural gas, but also a large amount of condensate and smallquantity of crude oil. Based on the geochemical correlationbetween the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial hydrocarbonsource rock, this paper confirms that the natural gas in Kuqadepression belongs to coal-type gas and the main gas sourcerock is attributed to the middle to lower Jurassic coal seriesformation, while the main oil source rock is the upper Tri-assic lacustrine mudstone. The authors indicated that Kuqadepression was slowly subsided in Mesozoic, but rapidlywent down in Late Tertiary, which made the Jurassic andTriassic source rock suddenly deep-buried and rapidlyevolved to high and over-mature phase since 5 Ma. TheTriassic source rock is postponed to the Early Miocene dur-ing 23-12 Ma when entering the oil-generating peak, whilethe Jurassic is suspended to the latest 5 Ma, especially since2.5 Ma to the dry gas-generating period, which is one of thecharacteristics of the source rock thermal evolution in Kuqadepression. This paper presents a two-stage trapping andlate gas trapping model in Kuqa depression whose charac-teristics are: The main oil and gas reservoirs have differentsources. The oil reservoir is formed early while the gas res-ervoir is formed lately. During the early stage, it, mainly asoil, takes long distance lateral migration, while in the laterstage, it, mainly as gas, takes the vertical migration and alsohas lateral migration. The trap formed in different time onthe south and north sides of the depression and evolved intoa distributional pattern with oil in the south part and gas inthe north, also oil on the outer ring and gas on the inner ring.This paper points out that the late trapping of the naturalgas in Kuqa depression is favorable for the preservation oflarge gas fields. | LIANG Digang ZHANG Shuichang ZHAO Mengjun WANG Feiyu | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 34 |
| 2 | Thermal evolution and its significance of I-A type granitoid complex ——The Laoshan Granitoid as an example显示文摘To reconstruct the cooling process of compound granites in different units (phases) with Laoshan Granitoid as an example, the relationships between formation, emplacement of I A type granitoid and variation in tectonic environment and uplift of the orogenic belt are discussed from the viewpoint of thermal evolution. Now it has been pointed out that the cooling rates presented by the whole spectral series from I type to A type granites tend to be gradually faster and faster. Probably, it is a token of thermal evolution that the regional structural environment of the granites was converted from closed, compressive into open, tensile environment. | 赵广涛 王德滋 曹钦臣 于联生 | 1998 | Science China Earth Sciences1998，41，5： | 11 |
| 3 | Microstructural evolution and performance of carbon fiber-toughened ZrB_2 ceramics with SiC or ZrSi_2 additive显示文摘ZrB_2–SiC/ZrSi_2 ceramics containing 30 vol% carbon fiber(Cf) additive were fabricated by hot pressing at low temperature(1500 ℃) using submicron ZrB_2 powders, and their microstructural evolution and performance were investigated. The addition of SiC or ZrSi_2 significantly reduced the onset sintering temperature and enhanced the densification of ZrB_2. ZrB_2–ZrSi_2–Cf showed poor performance owing to the serious fiber degradation, while the fiber degradation was effectively inhibited in ZrB_2–SiC–Cf resulting in high fracture toughness, substantial fiber pull-out, and non-brittle fracture mode for such material. The critical thermal shock temperature difference of ZrB_2–SiC–Cf was up to 741 ℃, significantly higher than those of ZrB_2–SiC/ZrSi_2 and ZrB_2–ZrSi_2–Cf. Moreover, this composite displayed a good oxidation resistance at 1500 ℃ in air. | Kaixuan GUI Fangyu LIU Gang WANG Zhongjia HUANG Ping HU | 2018 | Journal of Advanced Ceramics2018，7，4： | 9 |
| 4 | Occurrence, thermal evolution and primary migration processes derived from studies of organic matter in the Lucaogou source rock at the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China显示文摘The Lucaogou Formation carbonate-rich oil shale source rock is exposed at the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, NW China. We have sampled it in detail and conducted microstructural, mineralogical and geochemical studies, including thin section petrography, UV fluorescence petrography, X-ray diffraction, vitrinite reflectance, bitumen reflectance, fluid inclusion analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Organic matter is disseminated through the carbonate-bearing siltstone source rocks and concentrated in numerous bedding parallel stylolites and in two sets of carbonate veins, one along bedding parallel fractures and the other cross-cutting stylolites and bedding. The research about maturity of organic matter finds vitrinite reflectance values increase from the dispersed kerogen (0.64%) to the stylolites (the one of oriented vitrinite is 0.72% and the one of migrated bitumen is 2.38%); Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in veins containing hydrocarbon fluid inclusions show an increase from 178.5℃ in the bedding parallel veins to 222℃ in the cross-cutting veins, confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. These results support a model of progressive heating accompanied by fluid loss during later stages of thermal maturation of source rock and the onset of primary migration. Obviously, the occurrence of organic matter is the trace of hydrocarbon primary migration, and the bedding lamination surfaces and cross-cutting fissures are the principal pathways of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids migration. Bedding lamination surfaces evolved into stylolites along the earliest primary migration pathways, followed by bedding parallel and cross-cutting fissures. | JIAO YangQuan WU LiQun HE MouChun ROGER Mason WANG MinFang XU ZhiCheng | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，z2： | 4 |
| 5 | The Experimental Study of Iron Sulfide Mineral Evolution Under Thermal Sulfurization Condition显示文摘Iron sulfide minerals are widely distributed, of which characteristics had the identification significance of formation environment. Previously, there were more research on iron sulfide minerals under hydrothermal condition, and few studies under volcanism formation condition. To simulate volcanic mineralization, the study of different temperature from 250 to 410℃ , different iron sulfur ratio from Fe:S=2∶1 to 1∶8, and two different sources of iron, reduced iron powder (Fe) and ferrous sulfide (FeS), on iron sulfide mineral evolution was investigated under thermal sulfurization condition. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other methods, the morphology, composition and structural characteristics of the products were observed and analyzed. | GAO Wenyuan HUANG Fei LI Guanglu ZENG Ming LIU Ziyi LIU Rui DUAN Tianxu GAO Shang LIU Jia | 2013 | 矿物学报2013，33，S1： | 3 |
| 6 | Microstructure Evolution of Organic Matter and Clay Minerals in Shales with Increasing Thermal Maturity显示文摘As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang(T3y), Longmaxi(S1l) and Niutitang(?1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore(2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The ?1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM-clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity(T3y), are maximized at high maturity(S1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over-mature stage(?1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale. | GU Yuantao LI Xiaoxia YANG Shuguang WAN Quan | 2020 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2020，94，2： | 3 |
| 7 | A preliminary analysis on lithospheric thickness and crustal ages in central basin of South China Sea显示文摘The models about lithospheric thickness and thermal conduction inside the lithosphere and the top layer ofthe asthenosphere have been proposed in this study for four type regions: the midoceanic ridge, the extinct spreading ridge, the lithospheric fault fissure and the mouth of the extinct submarine volcanoes which are in deep sea bottom. The solutions of the models are found to be the same. The formulas of temperature distribution inside the lithosphere and the top layer of the asthenosphere, the lithospheric thicknesses to the heat flow and the crustal ages to the heat flow are obtained. The crustal ages and the lithospheric thicknesses of the central basin are calculated. And they are used to draw the lithospheric thicknesses and crustal ages maps of the central basin (in this paper both the central basin and the basin are the central basin of the South China Sea). According to their characteristics, the central basin is divided into three regions. The lithospheric thicknesses, crustal ages and heat flow distribution characteristics are discussed respectively. The formation and evolution of the South China Sea are analysed and it is thought that the South China Sea has undergone three episode-seafloor spreadings. | Chen Xue and Lin Jinfeng South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China | 1997 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1997，16，1： | 3 |
| 8 | Evolution and organic geochemical significance of bicyclic sesquiterpanes in pyrolysis simulation experiments on immature organic-rich mudstone显示文摘Sesquiterpanes are ubiquitous components of crude oils and ancient sediments.Liquid saturated hydrocarbons from simulated pyrolysis experiments on immature organic-rich mudstone collected from the Lower Cretaceous Hesigewula Sag were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).C14 bicyclic sesquiterpanes,namely,8β(H)-drimane,8β(H)-homodrimane,and 8 a(H)-homodrimane were detected and identified on basis of their diagnostic fragment ions(m/z123,179,193,and 207),and previously published mass spectra data,and these bicyclic sesquiterpanes presented relatively regular characteristics in their thermal evolution.The ratios 8β(H)-drimane/8β(H)-homodrimane,8β(H)-homodrimane/8 a(H)-homodrimane,and 8β(H)-drimane/8 a(H)-homodrimane all show a clear upward trend with increasing temperature below the temperature turning point.Thus,all these ratios can be used as evolution indexes of source rocks in the immature-lowmaturity stage.However,the last two ratios may be more suitable than the first ratio as valid parameters for measuring the extent of thermal evolution of organic matter in the immature-low-maturity stage because their change amplitude with increasing temperature is more obvious. | Gang Yan Yao-Hui Xu Yan Liu Peng-Hai Tang Wei-Bin Liu | 2019 | Petroleum Science2019，16，3： | 3 |
| 9 | Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Gradient Structured Pure Nickel显示文摘The microstructural evolution of pure nickel treated by deep rolling(DR)technique with different indent depths was investigated by means of optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The surface roughness,hardness and residual stress distribution along the depth from surface were measured.Moreover,the DR-treated sample was annealed at temperatures from 300 to 700℃for 2 h.The results reveal that dislocation movements are the fundamental mechanisms of gradient grain refinement during the DR process.With increasing indent depth of the DR,the gradient microhardness on the cross section of sample significantly increases,the maximum compressive residual stress decreases,and the affecting region of residual stress increases.The results of thermal stability depict that the microstructure can be stable as temperature up to 300℃,and the abnormal grain growth and annealing twins are observed at 600℃. | Xiao Li Bo Guan Yun-Fei Jia Yun-Chang Xin Cheng-Cheng Zhang Xian-Cheng Zhang Shan-Tung Tu | 2019 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)2019，32，8： | 2 |
| 10 | The thermal evolution indicator of carbonate rocks显示文摘It has been studied by the solid state 13C NMR analysis that the chemical composition and the structure feature of kerogen of carbonate rocks are characteristic of different types and evolution degree. The purpose is to show the evolution degree using the structure parameters of kerogen of carbonate rocks. The detailed analysis of the carbon aromaticity (fa), the hydrogen aromaticity (Ha) and the average aromatic cluster size (Xb) indicates that Xb is the most effective indicator of evolution degree, and it is not influenced by the type and evolution degree of kerogen. The correlation between the average aromatic cluster size and vitrinite reflectance value of kerogen has also been established. | 王兆云 范璞 程克明 | 1995 | Science China Chemistry1995，38，6： | 1 |
| 11 | On the evolution of terrestrial planets:Bi-stability,stochastic effects,and the non-uniqueness of tectonic states显示文摘The Earth is the only body in the solar system for which significant observational constraints are accessible to such a degree that they can be used to discriminate between competing models of Earth's tectonic evolution.It is a natural tendency to use observations of the Earth to inform more general models of planetary evolution.However,our understating of Earth's evolution is far from complete.In recent years,there has been growing geodynamic and geochemical evidence that suggests that plate tectonics may not have operated on the early Earth,with both the timing of its onset and the length of its activity far from certain.Recently,the potential of tectonic bi-stability(multiple stable,energetically allowed solutions)has been shown to be dynamically viable,both from analytical analysis and through numeric experiments in two and three dimensions.This indicates that multiple tectonic modes may operate on a single planetary body at different times within its temporal evolution.It also allows for the potential that feedback mechanisms between the internal dynamics and surface processes(e.g.,surface temperature changes driven by long term climate evolution),acting at different thermal evolution times,can cause terrestrial worlds to alternate between multiple tectonic states over giga-year timescales.The implication within this framework is that terrestrial planets have the potential to migrate through tectonic regimes at similar‘thermal evolution times'(e.g.,points were they have a similar bulk mantle temperature and energies),but at very different'temporal times'(time since planetary formation).It can be further shown that identical planets at similar stages of their evolution may exhibit different tectonic regimes due to random variations.Here,we will discuss constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Earth and present a novel framework of planetary evolution that moves toward probabilistic arguments based on general physical principals,as opposed to particular rheologies,and incorporates the potential of tectonic regime transitions and multiple tectonics states being viable at equivalent physical and chemical conditions. | Matthew B.Weller Adrian Lenardic | 2018 | Geoscience Frontiers2018，9，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Experimental study and numerical modeling of the damage evolution of thermal barrier coating systems under tension显示文摘This study investigated the damage evolution(i.e., formation of vertical cracks, transformation of vertical cracks to interfacial crack and delamination) of thermal barrier coating systems under tension by using experimental and numerical methods.Experimental results revealed that the first transverse crack that was perpendicular to the load direction occurred when the strain of the top coat reached 0.5%. The full-scale strain of the top coat layer obtained by using the Digital Image Correlation technique indicated that surface cracks formed due to the coalescence of micro-cracks. Moreover, the results of the finite element method demonstrated that the vertical cracks initiated from the coating surface and extended through the thickness of the coatings. The density of the surface cracks was used as a damage evolution indicator such that numerical simulation could predict the cracking behaviour under tension loading. The results were consistent with those of the experimental study. | LI ShaoLin YANG HongWei QI HongYu SONG JiaNan YANG XiaoGuang SHI DuoQi | 2018 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2018，61，12： | 1 |
| 13 | EVOLUTION OF TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE FIELDS AND CORRESPONDING THERMAL MECHANISMS BEFORE/AFTER ONSET PERIODS OF ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON显示文摘在印第安人和华南海季风区域和他们的热机制上的 tropospheric 温度地的进化从三月在时期期间被比作并且分析 1996 年 6 月。结果证明印第安人和华南海夏天季风的发作仔细与在 10 瑮 ? 祣汣湯捩瘠牯整 ? 湯琠敨爠杩?漠 ? 桴 ? 畋潲桳潩 ? 牵敲瑮映潲 ? 慊畮牡 ? 潴 ?杵獵t | 简茂球 贺海晏 | 2000 | Journal of Tropical Meteorology2000，6，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Laser irradiation induced spectral evolution of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) of 4-tert-butylbenzylmercaptan on gold nanoparticles assembly显示文摘The spectral evolution of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of 4-tert-butylbenzylmer-captan (4-tBBM) on gold nanoparticles assembly under laser irradiation is reported. The relative intensities of typical peaks in the spectrum of 4-tBBM gradually change with irradiation time. Comparison of the rate of spectral changes under several experimental conditions indicates that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) induced heat in the gold nanoparticles assembly is the origin of the spectral evolution. During the process of self-assembly, 4-tBBM molecules do not form a compact ordered monolayer because of the spatial hindrance of the 4-tert-butyl end group. The heat induced by laser irradiation drives the 4-tBBM molecules to rearrange to a more stable orientation. | TONG LianMing ZHU Tao LIU ZhongFan | 2007 | Science China Chemistry2007，50，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Genesis of Coal Metamorphism of Late PalaeozoicCoals in the South of North China——A Further Approach to the Effects of ThermalGroundwater on Coal Metamorphism显示文摘The close relationship between the genesis of coal metamorphism and the evolution of the regional tectonic framework is expounded on the basis of an analysis of the geological factors causing the metamorphic zonation of the Late Palaeozoic coals in southern North China; in terms of the mechanism for the formation of palaeogeothermal anomalies, the effects of thermal groundwater on coal metamorphism is highlighted and a geological model for thermal groundwater metamorphism of coal established; with the concept of the palaeogeotherm-coal metamorphism system, the genesis of coal metamorphism is analysed according to the distribution pattern of three geological factors: heat source, heat-carrier and channel, and heat-collector. | Zhong NingningJianghan Petroleum Institute, Shashi City, Hubei and Cao DaiyongBeijing Graduate School, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing Jiang Minxi | 1995 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)1995，69，2： | 0 |
| 16 | Evolution of γ’ Particles in Ni-Based Superalloy Weld Joint and Its Effect on Impact Toughness During Long-Term Thermal Exposure显示文摘Effects of long-term thermal exposure on γ’ particles evolution and impact toughness in the weld joint of Nimonic 263(N263)superalloy were deeply studied at 750℃.Results showed that the precipitates in the weld metal were mainly composed of fine γ’ particles,bulky MC carbides,and small M23C6 carbides.With the thermal exposure time increasing from o to 3000 h,γ’ particles in the weld metal grew up from 19.7 nm to 90.1 nm at an extremely slow rate.After being exposed for 1000 h,γ’ particles coarsened and some of them transformed into acicular η phase.At the same time,MC carbides decomposed to form η phase and γ’ particles.This dynamic transition ensured the slight reduction in impact toughness of the weld metal after the thermal exposure,which indicated the stable serving performance of N263 weld joint. | Xian-Kai Fan Fu-Quan Li Lei Liu Hai-Chao Cui Feng-Gui Lu Xin-Hua Tang | 2020 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)2020，33，4： | 0 |
| 17 | HEAT FLOW PROFILE FROM YADONG TO QAIDAM RUNNING THROUGH THE TIBETAN PLATEAU显示文摘Among the numerous GGT projects in China, the GGT from Yadong to Golmud crossing the whole Tibetan Plateau stands out for its peculiar tectonic environment of continentcontinent collision orogeny and characteristic geophysical fields of a co-existing thick yet warm crust. The terrestrial heat flow measurements have resulted in setting up a heat flow profile at the highest elevations on a global scale running through the 'Roof of the World'. It extends from south to north for about 1300 km, consisting of 22 heat flow values from 13 individual studied regions: Puma Lake (91 mW/m^2, average value, the same below), | 沈显杰 张文仁 管烨 金旭 | 1990 | Chinese Science Bulletin1990，35，4： | 0 |
| 18 | Dating long thrust systems on Mercury:New clues on the thermal evolution of the planet显示文摘The global tectonics of Mercury is dominated by contractional features mainly represented by lobate scarps,high relief ridges,and wrinkle ridges.These structures are the expression of thrust faults and are linear or arcuate features widely distributed on Mercury.Locally,these structures are arranged in long systems characterized by a preferential orientation and non-random spatial distribution.In this work we identified five thrust systems,generally longer than 1000 km.They were named after the main structure or crater encompassed by the system as:Thakur,Victoria,Villa Lobos,Al-Hamadhani,and Enterprise.In order to gain clues about their formation,we dated them using the buffered crater counting technique,which can be applied to derive the ages of linear landforms such as faults,ridges and channels.To estimate the absolute age for the end of the thrust system's activity,we applied both Le Feuvre and Wieczorek Production Function and Neukum Production Functions.Moreover,to further confirm the results obtained with the buffered crater counting method,the classic stratigraphic approach has been adopted,in which a faulted and an unfaulted craters were dated for each system.The results gave consistent ages and suggested that the most movements along major structures all over Mercury most likely ended at about 3.6-3.8 Ga.This gives new clues to better understand the tectonics of the planet and,therefore,its thermal evolution.Indeed,the early occurrence of tectonic activity in the planet's history,well before than predicted by the thermophysical models,coupled with the orientation and spatial distribution of the thrust systems,suggests that other processes beside global contraction,like mantle downwelling or tidal despinning,could have contributed to the first stage of the planet's history. | L.Giacomini M.Massironi V.Galluzzi S.Ferrari P.Palumbo | 2020 | Geoscience Frontiers2020，11，3： | 0 |
| 19 | STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF TRAPPED HYDROGEN IN 18Ni MARAGING STEEL BY THERMAL HYDROGEN EVOLUTION TECHNIQUE显示文摘The interaction of hydrogen with interface between the precipitates and the martensitie matrixin 18Ni maraging steel has been studied by means of thermal evolution hydrogen technique us-ing gas chromatograph as hydrogen detector.An evolution rate peak has been observed at 451K.The height of the peak relates to the amount and distribution of the precipitates.Theactivation energy for hydrogen escaping from the trap sites is 23.2 kJ/mol. | YAO Daping CHEN Wenxiu Institute of Metal Research,Academia Sinica,Shenyang,China Institute of Metal Research,Academia Sinica,Shenyang,China | 1989 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1989，2，4： | 0 |
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