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| 1 | Microbialite of anoxic condition from Permian-Triassic transition in Guizhou,China显示文摘Spherical microfossils are present in the Hindeodus parvus zone of the Lower Triassic in Ziyun,Guizhou Province. They generally range from 0.15 to 0.30 mm across,with micritic wall and filled by micro-sparry calcites,and are evenly scattered in micritic matrix. Their abundance makes the rock as-signed to microbialites. The accompanied organisms include ostracods and algal mat,but no gastro-pods or bivalves. Presence of small (<7 μm) pyrite framboids indicates that this bed formed in anoxic conditions. In some sections,this bed is overlain and underlain by tidal-flat micritic limestone with microgastropods and small burrows. Occurrence only in deposits on reef top indicates that the micro-bial organism was benthic,and needed sunlight in life. The size of the microbial fossil exceeds that of any bacteria or cyanobacteria. Thus,it does not belong to these two phyla. It may belong to lower green algae,and is assigned to a new species in a new genus,Ziyunosphaeridium sinensis gen. et sp. nov. Up to now,the rocks described as microbialites from the Permian-Triassic transition include six types: (1) porous micritic limestone such as that descried from Japan by Sano and Nakashima (1997),(2) limestone with rich globular microfossils such as that described from the Nanpanjiang Basin in China by Lehrmann (1999),(3) dendroidal limestone such as that described from the vicinity of Chongqing by Kershaw et al. (1999),(4) spherical microbial limestone adapted to anoxic environments described from Ziyun,Guizhou reported in this paper,(5) limestone with cyanobacterial fossils such as that described by Wang et al. (2005),and (6) stromatolites. All these microbialites are not reefs in the proper sense,and the argument that Permian reef ecosystems extended into the Mesozoic is incorrect. | WU YaSheng JIANG HongXia YANG Wan FAN JiaSong | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，7： | 18 |
| 2 | On biogeomorphology of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya City,Hainan Island,China显示文摘Based on comprehensive survey of 6 transects on Luhuitou fringing reef in Sanya City of Hainan Island, China, some features of its biogeomorphologic processes were found, including ( i ) three basic biogeomorphologic units: inner reef flat, outer reef flat and reef slope; (ii) two important biogeomorphologic boundary lines: up limit for live flat coral growing between inner and outer reef flats is Mean Lower Low Water of tropic tide±15 cm; the break in slope between reef flat and reef slope is Theoretical Lowest Tide ±15 cm; (iii) three types of reef flat profiles in response to distinctive Holocene sea level changes and dynamic condition: Luhuitou type responds to falling sea level and low wave energy; Xiaodonghai type to falling sea sevel and high wave energy; type for atolls of Nansha Islands to stable sea level and low wave energy; (iv) hermatypic coral community is the most essential member in coral reef ecosystem and plays the most important role in biogeomorphologic process. Over the past 30 | ZHANG QiaominSouth China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China (e-mail: qmzhang@ns.scsio.ac.cn) | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，S1： | 12 |
| 3 | Middle and Late Devonian microbial carbonates,reefs and mounds in Guilin,South China and their sequence stratigraphic,paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic significance显示文摘Microbial precipitation of calcium carbonate has played a major role in formation of carbonate platforms since the Archean. Also, microbial carbonates and biologically induced ce-ment are important contributors to reef framework volume and rigidity in carbonate platform systems during times of significant environmental change including transgressive events in plat-form environments and the recovery interval following the major biotic crisis. The stratigraphic distribution of different types of microbial carbonates appears to vary within the sequence strati-graphic framework. Reefs and mounds within the Late Devonian carbonate platforms in Guilin, South China are formed primarily by calcimicrobes and biologically induced cement, representing the microbe-dominated and characteristic carbonate buildups within a reefal ecosystem that nearly all reef-building metazoans were absent after the Frasnian/Famennian biotic crisis. Mi-crobial community and microbialite seem to be linked with specific palaeoenvironment and pa-laeoclimate, suggesting that they could be used as indicators of environmental change and biotic events. | Pedoja Kevin | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，11： | 7 |
| 4 | Studies on Factors Influencing Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Plates Used in Artificial Reefs显示文摘As a simplified model of artificial reefs, a series of plate models punched with square or circular openings are designed to investigate the effects of openings on the hydrodynamic characteristics of artificial reefs. The models are grouped by various opening numbers and opening-area ratios. They are physically tested in a water flume or used in the numerical simulation to obtain the drag force in the uniform flow with different speeds. The simulation results are found in good agreement with the experimental measurements. By the non-dimensional analysis, the drag coefficient specified to each model is achieved and the effects of openings are examined. It is found that the key factor affecting the drag coefficient is the open-area ratio. Generally, the drag coefficient is a linear function of the open area ratio with a minus slope. The empirical formulae for the square and circular openings respectively are deduced by means of the multiple regression analysis based on the measured and numerical data. They will be good references for the design of new artificial reefs. As a result of numerical simulation, the vorticity contours and pressure distribution are also presented in this work to better understand the hydrodynamic characteristics of different models. | TANG Yanli YANG Wenzhao SUN Liyuan ZHAO Fenfang LONG Xiangyu WANG Gang | 2019 | Journal of Ocean University of China2019，18，1： | 6 |
| 5 | High-precision U-series dating of Holocene corals from South China Sea by thermal ionization mass spectrometry(TIMS)显示文摘Using the isotopic diluting and thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) technique, the U-series dating procedure was established on the basis of measurement of national standard GBW04412. With this highly precise technique the Holocene corals from the South China Sea were dated. Comparison between this method and α-spectrometry was made. The results show that a thriving period of corals in the South China Sea appeared at 6 800—5 800 a BP, during which the paleosea level was the higher than at present in the Holecene. | Zhibang Ma Ming Xia Chenghui Zhang Zicheng Pen Zhaorong Wang Weidong Sun Zhisheng An | 1999 | Chinese Science Bulletin1999，44，10： | 4 |
| 6 | A Comparative Study of Numerical Models for Wave Propagation and Setup on Steep Coral Reefs显示文摘Complex factors including steep slopes, intense wave breaking, large bottom friction and remarkable wave setup should be considered while studying wave propagation over coral reefs, and how to simulate wave propagation and setup on coral reefs efficiently has become a primary focus. Several wave models can be used on coral reefs as have been published, but further testing and comparison of the reliability and applicability of these models are needed. A comparative study of four numerical wave models (i.e., FUNWAVE-TVD, Coulwave, NHWAVE and ZZL18) is carried out in this paper. These models’ governing equations and numerical methods are compared and analyzed firstly to obtain their differences and connections;then the simulation effects of the four wave models are tested in four representative laboratory experiments. The results show that all four models can reasonably predict the spectrum transformation. Coulwave, NHWAVE and ZZL18 can predict the wave height variation more accurately;Coulwave and FUNWAVE-TVD tend to underestimate wave setup on the reef top induced by spilling breaker, while NHWAVE and ZZL18 can predict wave setup relatively accurately for all types of breakers;NHWAVE and ZZL18 can predict wave reflection by steep reef slope more accurately. This study can provide evidence for choosing suitable models for practical engineering or establishing new models. | ZHANG Shan-ju ZHU Liang-sheng ZOU Kai | 2019 | China Ocean Engineering2019，33，4： | 4 |
| 7 | Sedimentology of reefal buildups of the Xiannüdong Formation(Cambrian Series 2),SW China显示文摘The reefs in the Xiannüdong Formation(Cambrian Series 2) are the oldest archaeocyathan–microbial bioconstructions in China,but the details of their microbial structures have not been previously described.However,a new section at Tangjiahe site,northern Sichuan Province,contains very well-preserved microbial fabrics that provide these details,and is described in this study.The Tangjiahe section contains three levels of reefal buildups that were constructed by a consortium of archaeocyaths and calcimicrobes in varying proportions.The lowest(oldest) reefal buildup is a calcimicrobial biostrome,possibly in the form of a wide mound with a low relief(unconfirmed due to outcrop limitation),which was formed by Epiphyton with rare small archaeocyaths,and is sandwiched by flat-pebble conglomerates.The middle reefal buildup is a high-relief calcimicrobial mound,enclosed by oolites,that was built by intergrown Renalcis and Tarthinia.Archaeocyath fossils are uncommon,and were bound into the framework by microbial carbonates.The uppermost(youngest) reefal buildup is a low-relief archaeocyathan mound lacking calcimicrobes but partly having microbially-clotted textures attached on archaeocyaths.Calcimicrobes built or aided archaeocyaths to form the framework of Tangjiahe reefs.The three buildups formed in low-energy lagoons behind ooid shoals,and the environment was nutrient-rich due to terrigenous influx from adjacent lands.Tangjiahe reefs thus resemble most Early Cambrian reefs,in settings consistent with eutrophic,calm environments,and are characterized by the domination or aid of calcimicrobial components in framework construction. | Hao Tang Stephen Kershaw Xiu-Cheng Tan Hong Liu Fei Li Cheng Shen Fei-Fan Lu Xue-Fei Yang | 2019 | Journal of Palaeogeography2019，8，2： | 3 |
| 8 | Numerical Simulation for Shallow Strata Stability of Coral Reef in the Southwest of Yongshu Reef(South China Sea)显示文摘In recent years, infrastructure construction on coral reefs has been increasingly developed. Therefore, the shallow strata stability of coral reefs in the South China Sea should be evaluated. This study aims to investigate the profiles for the shallow strata of coral reefs in the southwest of the Yongshu Reef, particularly in the hydrodynamic marine environment, and to establish a geological model for numerical simulation using Geo-Studio. The shallow strata of the coral reefs include mass gravel, sand gravel, mid-coarse sand, silty sand, fine sand, and reef limestone. The shallow reef slope near the lagoon is similar to a ‘layer cake', in which the side close to the sea is analogous to a ‘block cake'. The simulation results showed that coral reef stability depends on wave loads and earthquake strength and on the physical properties of coral reefs. The factor of safety for the outer reef is greater than 10.0 under static, wave, and seismic conditions; this indicated that the outer reefs were less affected by waves and earthquakes. However, the factor of safety next to the lagoon varied from 0.1 to 5.3. The variation was primarily caused by the thick strata of coral reefs close to the sea(reef limestone, typically with the thickness > 10 m and equivalent to a block). The soil and rock layers in the coral reef strata with thicknesses < 10 m showed weak engineering geological characteristics. Our findings can provide useful information to future construction projects on coral reefs. | TANG Qinqin ZHANG Jinchang FENG Yingci LI Jian YAO Yantao SUN Jie ZHAN Wenhuan | 2018 | Journal of Ocean University of China2018，17，4： | 3 |
| 9 | The remote sensing composite information of Nansha reef's closed atoll and the model of its spatial structure evolution——Ⅰ显示文摘Based on the feature of the growth and the local limitation of the Nansha reef’s closed atoll, also the relatedremote sensing information of it, the composite analysis is made. The closed atoll conception remote sensing system is constructed through the formation mechanism, development law and the space-time distribution of the closed atoll. Solution of the equation consisting of information function value and isostatic value of closed atoll and half-closed atoll using this system, and topologic analysis on the two kinds of atoll’s morphologic growth are the basic foundation for the research of their evolutionary comparative model. | Liu Baoyin and Wang Yanfeng First Oceanography Institute, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266003, China | 1997 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1997，16，1： | 2 |
| 10 | Demise of the Jablonna Reef(Zechstein Limestone)and the onset of gypsum deposition(Wuchiapingian,west Poland):carbonate-to-evaporite transition in a saline giant显示文摘Microbial deposits commonly occur at the transition between carbonate and sulphate facies,and they also abound in the uppermost part of the middle Wuchiapingian Zechstein Limestone in west Poland.These deposits occur as isolated reefs of the basinal zone and in the condensed sequences in most parts of the study area.The deposits of the latter category reflect evaporative drawdown,and the abrupt boundary between the carbonate and sulphate deposits in the basin suggests the nature of evaporites that start to precipitate as soon as they reach the saturation level.A few-metre-thick unit of mostly brecciated microbial deposits at the top,reefal portion of the Zechstein Limestone records extreme palaeoenvironmental events that occurred at the transition from carbonate to sulphate deposition.These events are related first to subaerial exposure of the reef,which lasted several 10~5 years and then to the Lower Anhydrite transgression. | Tadeusz Marek Peryt Marek Jasionowski Pawet Raczyiiski Krzysztof Chtdek | 2020 | Journal of Palaeogeography2020，9，3： | 1 |
| 11 | The research on the remote sensing's information tree model of the Nansha coral islets and reef's spatial structure显示文摘Theresearchontheremotesensing'sinformationtreemodeloftheNanshacoralisletsandreef'sspatialstructure￥LiuBaoyin;WangYanfengandHa... | Liu Baoyin Wang Yanfeng and Hao Qingxiang(First institute of beanography, State ￣ic Administration, Qingdso 266003, China Naming University, Naming 210008, China) | 1996 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1996，15，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Remote sensing composite information's trend surface analysis of Nansha Islands coral islets and reefs' top显示文摘Based on the remote sensing information feature of Nansha coral islets and reefs that controlled by the Nansha Islands local area’s goological structure and growth law, by means of mathematical model and PC, the Nansha Islands coral islets and reefs’ top geological data’ spatial distribution and local change trend are simulated by using the trend surface system on the remote sensing composite information, and an scientific interpretation and local comparison of Nansha coral islands and islets’ spatial distribution feature are made. | Liu Baoyin and Wang Yanfeng | 1999 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica1999，18，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Depositional Architecture and Evolution of Late Permian Reefs in Ziyun County,Southern Guizhou, China显示文摘The uppermost Permian reef complex in Ziyun County, southern Guizhou occurs as a third-order depositional sequence developed in the platform marginal break zone during the Late Permian transgressive period This paper deals with the evolution of the third-order sequence and depositional arthitecture of the sequence stratigraphic units with the analysis of outcrop sequence stratigraphy and chemostratigraphy. Thirteen parasequences which belong to four system tracts are recognized. According to their genetic facies features,three growth strategies of reef accrete from the systems tracts during sea level changes are distinguished as keep-up reefs, give-up reefs and catch-up reefs. In combination with an absolute water depth analysis by chemostratigraphic method, we establish an entire sea level curve of the third-order sequence and discuss its evolution and depositional response. | Lu Yongchao Li Sitian Xie Xinong (Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074) Zhou Yaoqi (Department of Geology, University of Petroleum, Dongying 257062) | 1996 | Journal of Earth Science1996，15，1： | 1 |
| 14 | A study of coral reef resilience and implications of adaptive management and rehabilitation in Khanh Hoa Province,Vietnam显示文摘The Province of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, is located in the western South China Sea and boasts a shoreline of 385 km and many islands. Previous studies have indicated the extreme diversity and abundance of coral reefs in its waters as compared with other coastal provinces of Vietnam. A study on the resilience of coral reefs against increased surface water temperature and anthropogenic impact is conducted at 19 reef sites in 2015. At each site, a series of parameters(e.g., coral covers, genus diversity, and coral recruitment, substratum heterogeneity, depth, water exchange level, and sediment deposit and water temperature) are measured quantitatively or semi-quantitatively.The measured data are rated based on the relationship between the parameter values and coral susceptibility; the consideration that reef health reflects the biological capability to adapt to environmental changes and the recruitment potential if bleached; and positive or negative influences of physical factors in the mitigation of thermal stress and protecting corals from bleaching. A cumulative analysis enables researchers to divide the studied reefs into four categories based on varying levels of reef health to support resilience, recovery, and vulnerability in the case of increased water temperature. Relevant management interventions for each category and other supporting activities are suggested to enhance management effectiveness and to plan the rehabilitation of coral reefs for biodiversity conservation and touristic development, taking into account the involvement of related stakeholders. | Si Tuan Vo Thai Tuyen Hua Kim Hoang Phan | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 0 |
| 15 | Temporal and Spatial Variation of Benthic Intertidal Community of a Sandstone Reef in Pernambuco—Brazil as a Tool to Evaluate Bioinvasion显示文摘In this study,the superior and inferior intertidal areas of hard substrate were sampled during the rainy season(June and August)and dry season(October and December)of 2015 at Piedade Beach.The percent cover of Chthamalus bisinuatus,Brachidontes solisianus,Isognomon bicolor,Ulva spp.and filamentous green algae were measured with a 20×20 cm quadrat with one hundred intersections.The quadrats were placed randomly at the sampling sites of Piedade reef.One-way ANOVAs(Analyses of Variance)were used to test the temporal variation of the studied organisms.Chthamalus bisinuatus occurred only in the superior mesolitoral where they had an increase in percent cover during the dry season,which wasn’t statistically significant.Brachidontes solisianus occurred in both superior and inferior levels and had a significant decrease in the superior intertidal during the dry season.Isognomon bicolor occurred only in the inferior level and decreased to almost zero in the December.Ulva spp.and green filamentous algae had an opposite pattern in the inferior intertidal although only the filamentous algae showed a significant decrease in the dry season.Organisms such as Chthamalus bisinuatus resists better the heat and are dominant in the superior intertidal levels of reefs and rocky coasts.Brachidontes solisianus didn’t change much in the lower intertidal and showed that can coexist with the invasive Isognomon bicolor.While the filamentous green showed a decrease in the dry season probably more affected by desiccation than Ulva spp.at Piedade reef. | Mariana Alves de Guimaraens JoséRoberto de Souza | 2018 | Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A)2018，7，2： | 0 |
| 16 | A Study of Devonian Reefs from Southern China显示文摘Three Devonian reefs (bioherms) from Yunnan and Guangxi, southern China, are studied in detail. Six microfacies types are differentiated. Colonial rugose corals (Columnaria, Disphyllum and Hexagonaria) at Qujing, tabulate corals (Alveolites) with massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma and Stromatoporella) and sponges at Panxi, and massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma, Trupetostroma and Stromatoporella) at Yangshuo belong to the most important reef builders. All the three reefs studied clearly reveal a successive evolution history. They developed on the carbonate banks, shallow carbonate platforms and platform margins in the Late Givetian and terminated in the Frasnian due to sea-level falls related to local uplifts of platforms. This coincides with a eustatic fall of relative sea level at the Frasnian/Famennian transition. | G.FLAJS | 2000 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2000，74，4： | 0 |
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