| 1 | Phanerozoic oceanic and climatic perturbations in the context of Tethyan evolution显示文摘Climatic and environmental conditions play a pivotal role in the evolution of the biosphere,serving as the primary natural factors influencing biological evolution and the development of human civilization.The study of the evolution of Earth's habitability primarily revolves around the reconstruction of climatic and oceanic conditions in geohistorical periods,shedding light on their dynamic changes.This paper collates classic geological indicators and geochemical proxies associated with paleoclimatic and oceanic environmental conditions.The latest“big data”analyses and simulations made possible by the availability of previously unimagined massive datasets reveal several key findings:During the early Paleozoic,atmospheric oxygen levels were low,and widespread oceanic anoxia was prevalent;the Devonian era witnessed a greenhouse climate,followed by the Carboniferous ice age characterized by higher oceanic oxidation levels and alkalinity.The latest Paleozoic deglaciation occurred under high pCO_(2) conditions,extending into much of the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic,marked by multiple hyperthermal and anoxia expansion events,until the resurgence of global glaciation in the middle-late stages of the Cenozoic,ultimately bringing environmental and climatic conditions closer to modern levels.By correlating the aforementioned long-term trends with major geological events,we can delineate the co-evolution of paleoclimate and oceanic environments in tandem with the development of Tethys tectonics as follows.(1)During the Proto-Tethys stage,global paleo-elevations were relatively low,and atmospheric oxygen levels were also relatively modest.Despite the occurrence of significant tectonic movements that led to noticeable transgressive-regressive cycles,their effects on climate and oceanic environments were somewhat limited due to the relatively weak interactions.(2)The emergence of the Paleo-Tethys was a significant event that coincided with the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea.Intensive orogenic movements during this period increased the global land area and elevation.This,in turn,led to enhanced terrestrial weathering,which elevated sea surface productivity and resulted in massive nutrient input into the oceans.Consequently,this process contributed to the rise of oxygen levels in the atmosphere and a decrease in atmospheric pCO_(2).These changes are considered potential driving mechanisms for late Paleozoic glaciation and oceanic oxygenation.(3)The transition from the Paleo-Tethys to the Neo-Tethys was closely linked to the breakup of Pangaea.During this period,the terrestrial weathering processes were relatively weak due to decreased continental elevations.This resulted in a long-term greenhouse climate and intermittent global oceanic events,which were responses to the high atmospheric pCO_(2) levels during the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic eras.(4)The Neo-Tethys stage ended with the dramatic uplift of the Alps-Himalaya Mountain ranges due to the collision of India and Asia.This uplift had a profound global impact,significantly increasing continental elevations.As a result,weathering and carbon burial processes intensified,leading to a reduction in atmospheric pCO_(2).Concurrently,this uplift played a crucial role in the establishment of the East Asian monsoon and North Atlantic deep-water circulations,both of which played a part in triggering the late Cenozoic ice age.These models suggest that the teleconnections between land and sea(orogeny-terrestrial weathering-marine carbon burial)span over the whole Phanerozoic and might have played a key role in balancing the Earth surface system.Combined,the tectonic,volcanic,paleo-climatic,as well as paleoenvironmental events recorded in the Tethys oceans and adjunct continents represent valuable natural experiments and lessons for understanding the present and the future of Earth's habitability. | Li TIAN Haijun SONG Yuchu LIU Yuyang WU Daoliang CHU Huyue SONG | 2023 | Science China Earth Sciences2023，66，12： | 0 |
| 2 | 显生宙古海洋环境和气候波动与特提斯演化显示文摘气候和环境是影响生物演化和人类生存发展最为关键的自然因素,恢复古海洋环境条件和古气候演变历史并揭示其内在驱动机制是研究地质历史时期地球宜居性的重要内容.本文系统整理了重建古温度、古海洋氧化还原条件和酸碱度的地质记录指标和定量模拟结果,建立了长时间尺度下古气候-古环境的演变规律:古生代早期大气氧含量低、古海洋广泛缺氧;泥盆纪的温室气候和石炭纪-二叠纪冰期是古生代中期最为主要的古气候特征,古海洋氧化程度和碱度都较高;在冰期消解之后,古生代晚期较高pCO_(2)为主导的温室气候基本上贯穿了整个中生代,期间发生了多次极端高温和缺氧硫化事件;一直到新生代中晚期,温室气候向冰期气候转变,各种环境和气候条件逐渐演变到现代水平.综合现有数据和规律后发现,特提斯的主要演化阶段与古气候及古环境变化密切相关:(1)原特提斯演化阶段全球古高程较低,大气氧含量处于较低水平,该时期的构造活动导致明显的海侵-海退旋回,但对古气候及古环境影响可能较弱;(2)古特提斯演化阶段伴随着潘基亚超大陆(也被译为盘古大陆)的形成,该时期造山活动剧烈,全球大陆面积和海拔增加,导致风化作用加强、生产力升高,进而驱动大气pCO_(2)下降、氧气含量上升,促进了晚古生代冰期的形成,海洋开始富氧;(3)新特提斯阶段伴随着潘基亚超大陆裂解,大陆海拔下降,风化作用减弱,导致中生代较高的大气pCO_(2)水平和温室气候,海洋缺氧事件频发;(4)在新特提斯洋闭合与阿尔卑斯-喜马拉雅山脉形成时,全球大陆平均海拔上升,风化固碳作用增强,大气pCO_(2)下降,东亚季风和北大西洋深水层驱动模式建立,促使晚新生代冰期启动.现有的长时间尺度古气候与古海洋环境演变模式显示,造山运动通过改变海陆格局和大陆高度影响风化作用强弱来影响大气pCO_(2),可能是显生宙长时间尺度下,大地构造控制古气候和古海洋环境条件变化的主要机制.特提斯区域是构造运动、火山活动、重大环境和生物事件的交汇场,其演化贯穿整个显生宙,因而特提斯演化的气候和环境效应与生物响应研究是未来地球科学发展的一个重要方向,可以为揭示地球宜居性的演变过程提供重要信息. | 田力 宋海军 刘羽初 吴玉样 楚道亮 宋虎跃 | 2023 | 中国科学:地球科学2023，53，12： | 0 |
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