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| 1 | From micro-to macroevolution:brood parasitism as a driver of phenotypic diversity in birds显示文摘A fun dame ntal question in biology is how diversity evolves and why some clades are more diverse than others.Phenotypic diversity has often been shown to result from morphological adaptation to different habitats.The role of behavioral interactions as a driver of broadscale phenotypic diversity has received comparatively less attention.Behavioral interactions,however,are a key agent of natural selection.Antagonistic behavioral interactions with predators or with parasites can have significant fitness consequences,and hence act as strong evolutionary forces on the phe no type of species,ultimately gen erating diversity betwee n species of both victims and exploiters.Avian obligate brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species,their hosts,and this behavioral interaction between hosts and parasites is often considered one of the best examples of coevolution in the natural world.In this review,we use the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts to illustrate the potential of behavioral interactions to drive evolution of phenotypic diversity at different taxonomic scales.We provide a bridge between behavioral ecology and macroevolution by describing how this interaction has increased avian phenotypic diversity not only in the brood parasitic clades but also in their hosts. | Iliana Medina Rebecca M.Kilner Naomi E.Langmore | 2020 | Current Zoology2020，66，5： | 1 |
| 2 | Discrimination and ejection of eggs and nestlings by the fan-tailed gerygone from New Caledonia显示文摘Nestling rejection is a rare type of host defense against brood parasitism compared with egg rejection.Theoretically,host defenses at both egg and nestling stages could be based on similar underlying discrimination mechanisms but,due to the rarity of nestling rejector hosts,few studies have actually tested this hypothesis.We investigated egg and nestling discrimination by the fan-tailed gerygone Gerygone flavolateralis,a host that seemingly accepts nonmimetic eggs of its parasite,the shining bronze-cuckoo Chalcites lucidus,but ejects mimetic parasite nestlings.We introduced artificial eggs or nestlings and foreign gerygone nestlings in gerygone nests and compared begging calls of parasite and host nestlings.We found that the gerygone ejected artificial eggs only if their size was smaller than the parasite or host eggs.Ejection of artificial nestlings did not depend on whether their color matched that of the brood.The frequency of ejection increased during the course of the breeding season mirroring the increase in ejection frequency of parasite nestlings by the host.Cross-fostered gerygone nestlings were frequently ejected when lacking natal down and when introduced in the nest before hatching of the foster brood,but only occasionally when they did not match the color of the foster brood.Begging calls differed significantly between parasite and host nestlings throughout the nestling period.Our results suggest that the fan-tailed gerygone accepts eggs within the size range of gerygone and cuckoo eggs and that nestling discrimination is based on auditory and visual cues other than skin color.This highlights the importance of using a combined approach to study discrimination mechanisms of hosts. | Alfredo ATTISANO Nozomu J.SATO Keita D.TANAKA Yuji OKAHISA Keisuke UEDA Roman GULA Jörn THEUERKAUF | 2021 | Current Zoology2021，67，6： | 0 |
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