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| 1 | Cenozoic topography,monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region:An evolving story显示文摘The biodiversity of the Himalaya,Hengduan Mountains and Tibet,here collectively termed the Tibetan Region,is exceptional in a global context.To contextualize and understand the origins of this biotic richness,and its conservation value,we examine recent fossil finds and review progress in understanding the orogeny of the Tibetan Region.We examine the deep-time origins of monsoons affecting Asia,climate variation over different timescales,and the establishment of environmental niche heterogeneity linked to topographic development.The origins of the modern biodiversity were established in the Eocene,concurrent with the formation of pronounced topographic relief across the Tibetan Region.High(>4 km)mountains to the north and south of what is now the Tibetan Plateau bounded a Paleogene central lowland(<2.5 km)hosting moist subtropical vegetation influenced by an intensifying monsoon.In mid Miocene times,before the Himalaya reached their current elevation,sediment infilling and compressional tectonics raised the floor of the central valley to above 3000 m,but central Tibet was still moist enough,and low enough,to host a warm temperate angiosperm-dominated woodland.After 15 Ma,global cooling,the further rise of central Tibet,and the rain shadow cast by the growing Himalaya,progressively led to more open,herb-rich vegetation as the modern high plateau formed with its cool,dry climate.In the moist monsoonal Hengduan Mountains,high and spatially extensive since the Eocene but subsequently deeply dissected by river incision,Neogene cooling depressed the tree line,compressed altitudinal zonation,and created strong environmental heterogeneity.This served as a cradle for the then newly-evolving alpine biota and favoured diversity within more thermophilic vegetation at lower elevations.This diversity has survived through a combination of minimal Quaternary glaciation,and complex relief-related environmental niche heterogeneity.The great antiquity and diversity of the Tibetan Region biota argues for its conservation,and the importance of that biota is demonstrated through our insights into its long temporal gestation provided by fossil archives and information written in surviving genomes.These data sources are worthy of conservation in their own right,but for the living biotic inventory we need to ask what it is we want to conserve.Is it 1)individual taxa for their intrinsic properties,2)their services in functioning ecosystems,or 3)their capacity to generate future new biodiversity?If 2 or 3 are our goal then landscape conservation at scale is required,and not just seed banks or botanical/zoological gardens. | Robert A.Spicer Alexander Farnsworth Tao Su | 2020 | Plant Diversity2020，42，4： | 14 |
| 2 | The Tibetan Plateau is a natural laboratory for studying organic evolution and environmental change显示文摘Today’s fauna and flora are a continuation from their geological past. In order to better understand how patterns of biodiversity form and organic evolution takes place, it is necessary to study these flora and fauna over time. | Zhekun ZHOU Tao DENG | 2020 | Science China Earth Sciences2020，63，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Fossil fruits of Illigera(Hernandiaceae)from the Eocene of central Tibetan Plateau显示文摘Illigera(Hernandiaceae)is a liana genus distributed mainly in the tropical Asia and Africa.Previous fossil records suggested that Illigera was restricted in western North America during the Eocene.Recent paleobotanical investigation has unveiled a Paleogene flora that is totally different from today's vegetation in central Tibet.This provides novel insights into the paleoenvironmental change during the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau(TP).Here,we investigated 10 fruit impressions of Illigera from the early middle Eocene Niubao Formation in the Bangor Basin,central TP.The fossil winged fruits are characterized by their eroded fruit wings,well preserved fusiform locular areas with a median ridge bisecting the fruit,and short veins fanning radially outward.These features allow us to assign these fossils to Illigera eocenica,a species originally discovered in the Eocene of western North America.This is the second fossil occurrence of Illigera worldwide,and the first in Asia.Our finding suggests a warm and humid climate in the central TP during the early middle Eocene,and a close floristic link between Asia and North America during the Paleogene.We also propose a Northern Hemisphere origin and a Paleogene dispersal event from Northern Hemisphere to Africa for Illigera. | Teng-Xiang Wang Cédric Del Rio Steven RManchester Jia Liu Fei-Xiang Wu Wei-Yu-Dong Deng Tao Su Zhe-Kun Zhou | 2021 | Journal of Systematics and Evolution2021，59，6： | 1 |
| 4 | Late Eocene sclerophyllous oak from Markam Basin, Tibet, and its biogeographic implications显示文摘Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forests,mainly made up of sclerophyllous oak,Quercus section Heterobalanus(Øerst.)Menitsky,Fagaceae,represent the most typical forest type in the Hengduan Mountains.Their distribution pattern is closely related to the growth and formation of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP).The oldest fossil record of Quercus sect.Heterobalanus so far discovered is from the middle Miocene of the Gazhacun Formation in Namling County,southern Tibet.However,our recent discovery of leaf fossils from the upper Eocene of Lawula Formation in Markam Basin,southeastern Tibet,illustrates that their origin is nearly 20 Myr older than previously assumed.By integrating the results from geometric morphometrics,geographical range expansion,and ecological niche shifts of this section in what is now the QTP and the Hengduan Mountains,we infer that the leaves of Quercus sect.Heterobalanus were already adapted to cool and dry conditions in some local regions no later than in the late Eocene.Then,with the growth of the QTP and late Cenozoic global cooling,the expansion of cooler and drier habitats benefited the spread and development of this section and their leaves exhibited morphological stasis through stabilizing selection.Based on published fossil records and recent discoveries,we argue that Quercus sect.Heterobalanus appeared in the subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests of the southeastern margin of what is now the QTP no later than in the late Eocene.Some taxa spread westwards along the Gangdese Mountains and later the Himalaya,and others spread eastwards and southeastwards,gradually becoming a dominant group of species in the Hengduan Mountains.This dispersal route is contrary to the previous“northwards hypothesis”of this section,and further supports the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for Quercus section Ilex Loudon. | Linlin CHEN Weiyudong DENG Tao SU Shufeng LI Zhekun ZHOU | 2021 | Science China Earth Sciences2021，64，11： | 0 |
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