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| 1 | 基于经济、环境与创新协同发展视角的最优环境保护税税率设计显示文摘面对严峻的环境挑战,环境保护税被视为中国治理环境的重要工具。中国现行的环境保护税制度在很大程度上延承排污收费制度,存在税基税率不合理、优惠政策不完善、征管效率较低等问题。从经济、环境和创新协同视角,综合评估环境保护税影响,优化环境保护税税率设计,对于完善中国环境治理体系、实现绿色经济转型具有重要价值。该研究理论分析环境保护税对企业发展的影响,构建相应的影响仿真模型,利用微观企业和省级面板混合数据数值模拟2006—2019年不同环境保护税实施强度(IEPT)的综合影响,并采用情景分析方法预测2030年环境保护税的多维影响。结果表明:①2006—2019年中国环境保护税税率都处于较低水平,小于最优IEPT。总体上,最优IEPT与综合效应指数呈倒“U”型关系,即随着IEPT的上升,综合效应指数呈现先上升后下降趋势。②随着时间推移,最优IEPT呈现总体上升趋势。③当经济、环境和创新等方面的发展水平及诉求不同时,最优IEPT也将发生变动。文章提出了环境保护税改革的政策建议:①充分考虑区域、行业间企业经营和创新情况,结合区域环境承载能力,细化区域、行业环境保护税异质定价策略;②建立环境保护税税率动态调整机制,逐步提高环境保护税税率,充分发挥环境保护税的政策效果;③利用环境保护税的税收收入建立创新扶持专项资金,避免税率提高给创新型企业带来过高的环境成本。 | 刘贵贤 鲁玺 孔朝阳 | 2022 | 中国人口·资源与环境2022,32,9: | 6 |
| 2 | 直接和间接消费所引起的中国城乡空气污染相关过早死亡不平等性显示文摘Household consumption in China is associated with substantial PM_(2.5)pollution,through activities directly(i.e.,fuel use)and/or indirectly(i.e.,consumption of goods and services)causing pollutant emissions.Urban and rural households exhibit different consumption preferences and living areas,thus their contributions to and suffering from air pollution could differ.Assessing this contrast is crucial for comprehending the environmental impacts of the nation’s ongoing urbanization process.Here we quantify Chinese urban and rural households’contributions to ambient PM_(2.5)pollution and the health risks they suffer from,by integrating economic,atmospheric,and health models and/or datasets.The national premature deaths related to long-term exposure to PM_(2.5)pollution contributed by total household consumption are estimated to be 1.1 million cases in 2015,among which 56%are urban households and 44%are rural households.For pollution contributed indirectly,urban households,especially in developed provinces,tend to bear lower mortality risks compared with the portions of deaths or pollution they contribute.The opposite results are true for direct pollution.With China’s rapid urbanization process,without adequate reduction in emission intensity,the increased indirect pollution-associated premature deaths could largely offset that avoided by reduced direct pollution,and the indirect pollution-associated urban–rural inequalities might become severer.Developing pollution mitigation strategies from both production and consumption sides could help with reducing pollution-related mortality and associated urban-rural inequality. | 王旌旭 林金泰 刘宇 吴锋 倪睿婧 陈璐璐 任芳萱 杜鸣溪 李钟仪 张浩雨 刘正中 | 2024 | Science Bulletin2024,69,4: | 0 |
| 3 | 环境税税率的差异化研究--以云南省为例显示文摘选取云南省内发展程度相差较大的昆明市和曲靖市为研究对象,按照《国民经济行业分类》(GB/T 4754—2011)标准对722家企业进行分类,分别计算水、大气污染物排放量、污染物当量和企业的平均污染治理成本,并就不同环境税税率对城市经济的影响进行测算。从2座城市的排污企业平均治理成本、环境税税率占人均GDP比例等方面探讨同一省内不同城市之间环境税税率差异化执行问题。基于分析结果,指出当前昆明和曲靖的环境税税率设置过低,对污染企业进一步减排的促进效果不明显,也不利于城市之间的生态公平。研究建议以全省平均污染治理成本为税率基准,在国家法律规定的调节范围内按比例提高高收入城市的环境税税率。 | 胡彪 | 2022 | 上海环境科学2022,41,2: | 0 |
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