| 2 | Topography and functional information of plasma membrane显示文摘By using atomic force microscope (AFM), the topography and function of the plasmalemma surface of the isolated protoplasts from winter wheat mesophyll cells were observed, and compared with dead protoplasts induced by dehydrating stress. The observational results revealed that the plasma membrane of living protoplasts was in a state of polarization. Lipid layers of different cells and membrane areas exhibited distinct active states. The surfaces of plasma membranes were unequal, and were characterized of regionalisation. In addition, lattice structures were visualized in some regions of the membrane surface. These typical structures were assumed to be lipid molecular complexes, which were measured to be 15.8±0.09 nm in diameter and 1.9±0.3 nm in height. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging showed that the plasmalemma surfaces of winter wheat protoplasts were covered with numerous protruding particles. In order to determine the chemical nature of the protruding particles, living protoplasts were treated by proteolytic enzyme. Under the effect of enzyme, large particles became relatively looser, resulting that their width was increased and their height decreased. The results demonstrated that these particles were likely to be of protein nature. These protein particles at plasmalemma surface were different in size and unequal in distribution. The diameter of large protein particles ranged from 200 to 440 nm, with a central micropore, and the apparent height of them was found to vary from 12 to 40 nm. The diameter of mid-sized protein particles was between 40―60 nm, and a range of 1.8―5 nm was given for the apparent height of them. As for small protein particles, obtained values were 12―40 nm for their diameter and 0.7―2.2 nm for height. Some invaginated pits were also observed at the plasma membrane. They were formed by the endocytosis of protoplast. Distribution density of them at plasmalemma was about 16 pits per 15 μm2. According to their size, we classified the invaginated pits into two types―larger pits measuring 139 nm in diameter and 7.2 nm in depth, and smaller pits measuring 96 nm in diameter and 2.3 nm in depth. On dehydration-induced dead pro-toplasts, the degree of polarization of plasma membranes decreased. Lipid molecular layers appeared relatively smooth, and the quantity of integral proteins reduced a lot. Invaginated pits were still de-tectable at the membrane surface, but due to dehydration-induced protoplast contraction, the orifice diameter of pits reduced, and their depth increased. Larger pits averagely measuring 47.4 nm in di-ameter and 31.9 nm in depth, and smaller pits measuring 26.5 nm in diameter and 43 nm in depth at average. The measured thickness of plasma membranes of mesophyll cells from winter wheat examined by AFM was 6.6―9.8 nm, thicker in regions covered with proteins. | SUN DeLan1, CHEN JianMin1, SONG YanMei1, ZHU ChuanFeng2, PAN GeBo2 & WAN LiJun2 1 Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China 2 Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China | 2008 | Science China(Life Sciences)2008，51，2： | 1 |
| 3 | 瓷器热释光测定年代中古剂量的正确估算显示文摘为了正确的估算瓷器热释光测定年代中的古剂量,对瓷器古剂量的来源、组成和标定进行了分析.在使用前剂量技术的热释光测定年代中,瓷器古剂量的主要成分是来自瓷器内部自然辐照的β剂量,其次是环境剂量,α剂量可以忽略.测量古剂量的样品厚度在0.2~0.5mm之间.当实验室β源辐照这样厚度的样品时,β剂量在样品中的分布是非线性的,所以β剂量只能用平均值来计算.根据β剂量在样品中的积累和衰减效应,得到了β剂量在样品中的分布曲线和平均剂量的计算方法.各种厚度样品的β平均剂量可以用文中公式进行计算. | 王维达 | 2008 | 中国科学(E辑)2008，38，3： | 0 |
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