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| 1 | 不同水氮管理模式下玉米光合特征和水氮利用效率试验研究显示文摘【目的】提高水氮利用效率、玉米产量和经济效益。【方法】设置3个灌水定额水平(W0:0 mm、W1:40 mm、W2:80 mm),4个施氮量水平(N0:0 kg/hm2、N1:180 kg/hm2、N2:230 kg/hm2、N3:280 kg/hm2),分析比较了不同水氮管理模式对拔节期春玉米光合速率、叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、成熟期地上部分干物质量、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮素积累量以及对氮素利用的影响。【结果】施氮可以显著提高拔节期光合速率,当施氮量由230 kg/hm2提高到280 kg/hm2,光合速率的增幅减小。施氮对WUEi有促进作用,而灌水定额在40~80 mm之间时,增加灌水定额不利于WUEi提高。N2W1处理的成熟期地上部分干物质累积量和产量较N0W0处理分别提高54.27%和78.36%。玉米水分利用效率在2.31~3.61 kg/m3之间,在各施氮水平下WUE表现为W0水平>W1水平>W2水平。灌水施氮处理植株和籽粒的氮素累积量明显高于N0W0处理的,施氮对成熟期籽粒和植株的氮素累积均有显著影响(P<0.05)。W1水平下植株氮素积累量与W0水平差异显著,但与W2水平差异不大。W1水平下的籽粒氮素积累量最大,与W0水平差异显著。氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的升高而减小,在同一个施氮水平下,氮肥偏生产力表现为W1水平>W2水平>W0水平。N2W1处理的氮素籽粒生产效率最高,除N3处理外,当灌水定额增加时,氮素籽粒生产效率有所增加,但增幅变小。【结论】增加施氮量可以提高产量和干物质量积累,提升水分利用效率,而氮素利用效率随着施氮量的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,氮肥偏生产力与施氮量负相关。建议当地采取灌水定额40 mm,施氮量230 kg/hm2的灌水施氮方式。 | 刘明 张忠学 郑恩楠 陈鹏 陈帅宏 尚文彬 | 2018 | 灌溉排水学报2018，37，12： | 30 |
| 2 | Yield and water use responses of winter wheat to irrigation and nitrogen application in the North China Plain显示文摘With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain(NCP). A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels(W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation) and four N fertilizer rates(N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha^(-1); N2, 200 kg N ha^(-1); N3, 300 kg N ha^(-1)) on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice(W3 N3), the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha^(–1) is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP. | ZHANG Ming-ming DONG Bao-di QIAO Yun-zhou SHI Chang-hai YANG Hong WANG Ya-kai LIU Meng-yu | 2018 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2018，17，5： | 12 |
| 3 | 沙土地有机肥替代化肥与灌溉优化在苜蓿上的耦合效应研究显示文摘在沙土为主的牧区,为适应粮改饲的发展需求,在苜蓿种植中有机肥替代化肥并协同优化灌溉是可持续发展的重要途径。本研究在典型牧区-河北滦南县的沙土地,设置了有机肥氮替代0%、50%和100%化肥3个替代率,设常规灌溉和优化灌溉两个灌溉水平,以不施氮且常规灌溉为对照,共计7个处理。在2013~2015年通过大田试验测定苜蓿生物性状、土壤无机矿化氮和0~180 cm土层水分含量等,探索了水肥耦合效应。有机肥氮替代50%和100%的土壤无机氮供应与化肥氮相比差异不显著,相同替代条件下优化灌溉能提高12%~25%的苜蓿产量。有机肥100%替代化肥氮(180 kg/hm^2)以及优化灌溉(262 mm)的苜蓿产量比其他处理提高4. 4%~53. 3%,同时降低了硝酸盐的淋洗风险。该方案既解决畜禽粪便污染的难题又减少化肥和灌溉水投入,是值得推广的种养结合新模式。 | 侯俊 王帅 崔士通 王会刚 张卫峰 | 2018 | 中国土壤与肥料2018，，6： | 11 |
| 4 | 基于密切值法和水氮管理模型的华北平原农田水氮优化管理显示文摘优化农田水氮管理措施可为实现粮食高产、资源高效及环境友好的目标提供科学依据。该研究以华北平原泰安地区为例,利用农田生态系统水热碳氮过程耦合模型(soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulator,WHCNS)分别对冬小麦季设置的165个水肥组合和夏玉米季设置的55个水肥组合进行了情景模拟分析,在综合考虑农学、环境和经济效益的基础上,采用密切值法优化了农田水肥管理方案。结果表明:受到华北地区年内降雨分配不均的影响,冬小麦产量随着灌水量的增加呈先增加后稳定的趋势;而夏玉米产量与灌水量没有明显的关系。冬小麦和夏玉米产量均随着施肥量的增加而增加,后保持稳定。水分渗漏和氮素淋洗量均随着灌水量或施肥量的增加而显著增加。在研究区作物秸秆全部还田及高累积氮的条件下,冬小麦季灌水240 mm和施肥60 kg/hm^2(以N计,下同),夏玉米季不灌溉和施肥90 kg/hm^2分别为研究区当年冬小麦季和夏玉米季最佳的水肥管理方案。在所有水肥组合情景中,优化的水肥管理方案不仅能保证冬小麦-夏玉米最大周年产量的97%、具有较高的水氮利用效率和最佳的产投比,而且氮素淋洗和气体损失分别比最大值降低了77%和71%。因此,该方法可以用来优化华北平原农田的水肥管理措施。 | 徐强 李周晶 胡克林 李保国 | 2017 | 农业工程学报2017，33，14： | 7 |
| 5 | 施氮量对超高产小麦品种烟农1212耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响显示文摘以超高产小麦品种烟农1212为试材,在微喷带测墒补灌条件下设置0(N0)、180(N1)、210(N2)、240(N3)kg/hm^2四个施氮量,研究其对小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)N2处理100~200cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著高于N3处理,提高了深层土壤贮水的利用能力;(2)N2处理播种—拔节期阶段耗水量显著低于N3,但拔节—开花期及开花—成熟期阶段的耗水量及耗水模系数显著高于N3和N1处理;(3)籽粒产量N2较N1提高了12.35%,与N3无显著差异;N2处理氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生产力显著高于N3处理。因此施氮量210 kg/hm^2为本试验条件下的适宜施氮量。 | 史辛凯 石玉 赵俊晔 于振文 | 2018 | 山东农业科学2018，50，5： | 3 |
| 6 | Responses of water productivity to irrigation and N supply for hybrid maize seed production in an arid region of Northwest China显示文摘Water and nitrogen(N) are generally two of the most important factors in determining the crop productivity. Proper water and N managements are prerequisites for agriculture sustainable development in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted to study the responses of water productivity for crop yield(WP_(Y-ET)) and final biomass(WP_(B-ET)) of film-mulched hybrid maize seed production to different irrigation and N treatments in the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China during April to September in 2013 and also during April to September in 2014. Three irrigation levels(70%–65%, 60%–55%, and 50%–45% of the field capacity) combined with three N rates(500, 400, and 300 kg N/hm^2) were tested in 2013. The N treatments were adjusted to 500, 300, and 100 kg N/hm^2 in 2014. Results showed that the responses of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) to different irrigation amounts were different. WP_(Y-ET) was significantly reduced by lowering irrigation amounts while WP_(B-ET) stayed relatively insensitive to irrigation amounts. However, WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) behaved consistently when subjected to different N treatments. There was a slight effect of reducing N input from 500 to 300 kg/hm^2 on the WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET), however, when reducing N input to 100 kg/hm^2, the values of WP_(Y-ET) and WP_(B-ET) were significantly reduced. Water is the primary factor and N is the secondary factor in determining both yield(Y) and final biomass(B). Partial factor productivity from applied N(PFP_N) was the maximum under the higher irrigation level and in lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm^2) in both years(2013 and 2014). Lowering the irrigation amount significantly reduced evapotranspiration(ET), but ET did not vary with different N rates(100–500 kg N/hm^2). Both Y and B had robust linear relationships with ET, but the correlation between B and ET(R^2=0.8588) was much better than that between Y and ET(R^2=0.6062). When ET increased, WP_(Y-ET) linearly increased and WP_(B-ET) decreased. Taking the indices of Y, B, WP_(Y-ET), WP_(B-ET) and PFP_N into account, a higher irrigation level(70%–65% of the field capacity) and a lower N rate(100–300 kg N/hm^2) are recommended to be a proper irrigation and N application strategy for plastic film-mulched hybrid maize seed production in arid Northwest China. | RAN Hui KANG Shaozhong LI Fusheng DU Taisheng DING Risheng LI Sien TONG Ling | 2017 | Journal of Arid Land2017，9，4： | 3 |
| 7 | 基于不同底墒的最优水肥调控方案研究显示文摘为了探讨不同底墒条件下的水肥运筹,在大型半自动控制防雨池栽条件下,通过设置不同底墒、生育期补水量及施氮量,研究了各试验因子主效应及互作效应。结果表明,各试验因子对冬小麦产量的影响顺序由大到小依次为底墒、施氮量、补水量,对水分利用效率的影响顺序由大到小依次为底墒、补水量、施氮量;底墒、施氮量、补水量与冬小麦产量、水分利用效率的耦合分别存在显著的负效应和正效应;在底墒充足条件下,施氮量能充分发挥底墒的增产作用,提高水分利用效率。通过优化分析,得出各指标可接受区域(大于等于0.95最大值)的重叠区域所对应的水氮范围分别为:90~100 mm和104.5~224.5 kg/hm^(2)(底墒450 mm),94.3~100 mm和105.8~186.4 kg/hm^(2)(底墒350 mm)。底墒为650 mm时,冬小麦产量最大,水分利用效率较高,所对应的水氮范围分别为71~100 mm和141.2~264.8 kg/hm^(2)。 | 许卫娜 杨宝平 丁瑞霞 聂俊峰 韩清芳 贾志宽 | 2021 | 农业机械学报2021，52，10： | 0 |
| 8 | 作物超高产品种生理及产量性状对施肥量的响应研究综述显示文摘通过对相关资料的整理与分析,阐述了玉米、水稻、小麦、大豆4种主要作物的光合作用、根系特性、品质产量等对施肥量的响应,分析了未来作物栽培中进一步加强对施肥量研究的必要性和重要性,并指出具体的施用量应从实际调查和生产经验的综合分析中确定,作物生理和产量性状在合理的范围内随着施肥量的增加而增加,肥料配比与作物品种、土壤类型、气候环境等因素密切相关。在不同的作物间,相同作物的不同品种间的最佳施肥量因多种因素不同。基于已有研究成果,今后需要在研究不同作物品种时具有针对性,探索各品种最适宜施肥用量和氮磷钾配比,从而使肥料充分发挥其功效以达到节能减肥、增产增质的目的,为作物超高产品种栽培方向研究及作物产量的提高和土壤的可持续耕作提供一定的科学依据和理论帮助。 | 王婷婷 饶德民 孟凡钢 于德彬 张鸣浩 张伟 | 2023 | 安徽农业科学2023，51，5： | 0 |
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