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| 1 | 水体病原微生物定量风险评价:历史、现状与发展趋势显示文摘环境风险评价是成型于1970年代的多学科交叉新兴领域,为环境风险管理提供决策的科学依据.环境风险评价研究的发展经历以意外事故为风险源的事故风险评价,以化学品为风险源和人体健康为风险受体的健康风险评价,以生态系统为风险受体的生态风险评价.以微生物污染为风险源和人体健康为风险受体的定量微生物风险评价(QMRA)也于1990年代开始发展.QMRA确定微生物的摄入量及其对人体产生不良作用概率之间关系的数学描述.作为一种前沿的微生物健康风险评估手段,QMRA为公共卫生政策和标准制定、采取可行的健康干预决策提供有力支撑,已被美国、加拿大、荷兰、澳大利亚等多个国家应用于环境管理.本文梳理了环境风险评价的发展历史,系统详细综述水媒传播病原微生物定量风险评价的研究与应用,同时指出当前QMRA面临的问题并提出针对性的建议. | 张振兴 王江权 郑祥 | 2016 | 环境科学学报2016，36，1： | 14 |
| 2 | 人畜共患贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫国内研究进展显示文摘贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫(简称'两虫')作为水介传播的病原微生物在发达国家与发展中国家普遍流行。我国于2006年制定了《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),将'两虫'纳入水质标准。本文对我国'两虫'在人群感染、传染源、水介传播现状进行综述,通过文献回顾'两虫'的暴露水平,为其修订标准提供支撑。 | 韩明毅 安伟 马金锋 李红岩 | 2019 | 中国病原生物学杂志2019，14，5： | 9 |
| 3 | Evaluation of bacterial pathogen diversity,abundance and health risks in urban recreational water by amplicon next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR显示文摘The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing(NGS) showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) of Escherichia coli(uid A),Aeromonas(aer A),M.avium(16S r RNA),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(oaa) and Salmonella(inv A) showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10^(4–6) genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment(QMRA) showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR. | Qijia Cui Tingting Fang Yong Huang Peiyan Dong Hui Wang | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，7： | 5 |
| 4 | Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir显示文摘Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p < 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p < 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water. | Zhaodan Wang Guosheng Xiao Nong Zhou Wenhua Qi Lin Han Yu Ruan Dongqin Guo Hong Zhou | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，12： | 4 |
| 5 | 小型景观水体中病原微生物的分布特性显示文摘为了研究病原微生物在景观水体中的分布特性,采用定量PCR方法,监测了校园景观湖水中指示微生物(粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌),病原性细菌(沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌)和病毒(肠道病毒、轮状病毒和诺如病毒)等典型肠道微生物的分布及变化情况。结果显示,粪大肠菌群未在景观水体中检出,而其他微生物均可检出,表明该水体未受到来自粪便源的污染,其他病原微生物来源于非粪便来源的面源污染。大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和肠道病毒的检出率(>50%)比其他病原微生物的高;细菌和病毒的浓度分别分布在10^(-2)~10~1copies/m L和10~0~10~2copies/m L。统计学分析结果表明,各病原微生物的浓度均服从对数正态分布,大肠杆菌与沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌无显著相关性。而肠道病毒与轮状病毒和诺如病毒在0.05置信水平上显著相关,相关系数分别为0.744和0.609。进一步分析病原微生物在景观水体中一年的变化,结果表明,随着降雨的汇入病原微生物的浓度明显增大,在高温和日光照射可致使病原微生物检出率和浓度明显降低。 | 周进宏 王晓昌 徐丽梅 | 2015 | 环境工程学报2015，9，12： | 3 |
| 6 | Environmental threats to the Three Gorges Reservoir Region:Are mutagenic and genotoxic substances important?显示文摘The Three Gorges Dam project(TGDP),with a total static investment of 95.46 billion RMB(US$10.97 billion)based on the 1993 price level,commenced in 1994 and was completed in 2012.The creation of the Three Gorges Reservoir following the completion of the TGDP had brought about significant changes to the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR),stretching from the town of Sandouping in Hubei Province to the Jiangjin District of Chongqing Municipality.The TGDP has led to progressive urbanization and industrialization of the TGRR,accompanied by increased shipping activities。 | Paul K.S.Lam | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，12： | 3 |
| 7 | 中国水环境微生物污染研究进展显示文摘从水环境微生物的种类出发,梳理了典型微生物的致病特征及其感染风险;比较了中国相关标准中指示性微生物种类与美国及欧盟的差异,并分析了中国7大流域中指示性微生物与病原微生物的相关性;基于污染微生物的来源明确了影响水环境中微生物污染的主要因素;对水环境中微生物的检测方法和应用现状进行综述。总体而言,中国各大流域均受到微生物的污染,完善和提高相关水质标准中的微生物指标,控制水环境中微生物的污染源,提高微生物的检出能力,对水环境中微生物污染的防治工作具有积极意义。 | 李珂 张洪勋 余志晟 曾凤娟 | 2021 | 科技导报2021，39，15： | 0 |
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