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| 1 | Formation and control of disinfection byproducts and toxicity during reclaimed water chlorination: A review显示文摘Chlorination is essential to the safety of reclaimed water; however, this process leads to concern regarding the formation of disinfection byproducts(DBPs) and toxicity. This study reviewed the formation and control strategies for DBPs and toxicity in reclaimed water during chlorination.Both regulated and emerging DBPs have been frequently detected in reclaimed water during chlorination at a higher level than those in drinking water, indicating they pose a greater risk to humans. Luminescent bacteria and Daphnia magna acute toxicity, anti-estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity generally increased after chlorination because of the formation of DBPs. Genotoxicity by umu-test and estrogenic activity were decreased after chlorination because of destruction of toxic chemicals. During chlorination, water quality significantly impacted changes in toxicity.Ammonium tended to attenuate toxicity changes by reacting with chlorine to form chloramine,while bromide tended to aggravate toxicity changes by forming hypobromous acid. During pretreatment by ozonation and coagulation, disinfection byproduct formation potential(DBPFP)and toxicity formation potential(TFP) occasionally increase, which is accompanied by DOC removal; thus, the decrease of DOC was limited to indicate the decrease of DBPFP and TFP. It is more important to eliminate the key fraction of precursors such as hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic neutrals. During chlorination, toxicities can increase with the increasing chlorine dose and contact time. To control the excessive toxicity formation, a relatively low chlorine dose and short contact time were required. Quenching chlorine residual with reductive reagents also effectively abated the formation of toxic compounds. | Ye Du Xiao-Tong Lv Qian-Yuan Wu Da-Yin Zhang Yu-Ting Zhou Lu Peng Hong-Ying Hu | 2017 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2017，29，8： | 16 |
| 2 | Comparisons of the film peeling from the composite oxides of quartz sand filters using ozone, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide显示文摘To solve the problem of shortened backwashing intervals in groundwater plants, several disinfectants including ozone(O3), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) and chlorine dioxide(Cl O2)were examined to peel off the film from the quartz sand surface in four pilot-scale columns.An optimized oxidant dosage and oxidation time were determined by batch tests.Subsequently, the optimized conditions were tested in the four pilot-scale columns. The results demonstrated that the backwashing intervals increased from 35.17 to 54.33(H2O2)and to 53.67 hr(ClO2) after the oxidation treatments, and the increase of backwashing interval after treatment by O3 was much less than for the other two treatments.Interestingly, the treatment efficiency of filters was not affected by O3 or H2O2 oxidation;but after oxidation by ClO2, the treatment efficiency was deteriorated, especially the ammonia removal(from 96.96% to 24.95%). The filter sands before and after the oxidation were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Compared with the oxidation by O3 and H2O2, the structures on the surface of filter sands were seriously damaged after oxidation by ClO2. The chemical states of manganese on the surfaces of those treated sands were only changed by ClO2. The damage of the structures and the change of the chemical states of manganese might have a negative effect on the ammonia removal. In summary, H2O2 is a suitable agent for film peeling. | Yingming Guo Tinglin Huang Gang Wen Xin Cao | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，8： | 6 |
| 3 | 一种过氧化氢银离子复方消毒液消毒相关性能研究显示文摘目的观察一种以银离子和过氧化氢为主要成分的消毒液的消毒效果及其安全性。方法采用悬液定量杀菌方法和动物试验法,对某过氧化氢银离子复方消毒液杀灭微生物效果及其安全性进行评价。结果该复方消毒液含银离子100μg/g与过氧化氢35 g/kg。用该复方消毒液原液作用0.5 min,对悬液内白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值>4.00,对大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞杆菌的杀灭对数值均>5.00;作用1.0 min对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值>5.00。该复方消毒液原液作用1.0 h,对流感病毒、副流感病毒和新城疫病毒均可有效灭活。该复方消毒液对小鼠急性口服LD50值>5000 mg/(kg·bw),对新西兰兔最高皮肤刺激指数为0,小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核实验结果为阴性。结论该过氧化氢银离子复方消毒液对细菌和病毒均具有良好的消毒效果,属无毒级物质,对动物完整皮肤无刺激性。 | 段文欣 邓宏远 肖湘谊 王鹏波 江从元 郑丛龙 | 2020 | 中国消毒学杂志2020，37，11： | 5 |
| 4 | 寒区湖库型水源供水系统中耐氯菌的生长显示文摘研究供水系统中耐氯菌的生长对饮用水中微生物安全的评估、预防和控制至关重要,为此,以寒区湖库型水源供水系统的主体水及生物膜为研究对象,对其中的异养菌和耐氯菌进行了检测,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察了生物膜的生物相.结果表明:自来水在管网输送过程中,余氯质量浓度大于0.2 mg/L的主体水中仍然存在细菌再生长现象.耐氯菌在所研究的供水系统中普遍存在,经水厂消毒和管网输送后主体水中的耐氯菌数量小于350 CFU/m L,而生物膜中耐氯菌数目一般高于主体水的耐氯菌数目2个数量级.未经消毒处理的滤后水和生物膜中耐氯菌数目均最多,而在清水池中生长的细菌大多比较耐氯.供水系统生物膜中的微生物能见杆菌和球菌,以杆菌居多. | 祝泽兵 吴晨光 钟丹 袁一星 单莉莉 袁媛 魏星际 张杰 | 2015 | 哈尔滨工业大学学报2015，47，8： | 5 |
| 5 | 氯消毒对再生水中溶解性有机物特性的影响显示文摘以氯消毒工艺为核心,研究再生水厂出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)消毒前后化学特性的变化,利用XAD树脂,将再生水氯消毒前出水及不同消毒时间后出水中有机物分为4类:疏水中性有机物(HoN)、疏水碱性有机物(HoB)、弱疏水酸性有机物(WHoA)、亲水中性有机物(HiN),采用总有机碳、紫外分光光度和三维荧光光谱分析考察不同组分有机物的特性。结果表明:HoN和WHoA是氯化反应的主要反应组分。DOM组分的芳香性程度与参与氯化反应的活跃程度无线性关系。再生水厂出水DOM中主要以芳香性蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物为主,氯消毒反应后,HoN、HiN、WHoA荧光强度均有增强,HoB荧光强度有所下降,但随着时间的延长,各类荧光物质荧光强度逐渐减弱。 | 曹艳丹 李莹 冯萃敏 安鑫悦 张妍 陈雪如 | 2018 | 环境工程2018，36，12： | 3 |
| 6 | 供水管网中耐氯菌的分离鉴定及特性分析显示文摘供水管网中的耐氯菌筛查及特性分析在饮用水微生物安全评估方面具有重要意义。基于传统微生物培养技术,提出了一种供水管网耐氯菌筛选分离方法,并从某市引黄供水管网中成功分离到一株耐氯菌——土地戈登氏菌(Gordonia terrae),该菌株为条件致病菌,革兰氏阳性,好氧。该菌株的耐氯性较大肠埃希氏菌显著增强,2.5 mg/L余氯在2 h内无法将浓度为107CFU/m L的土地戈登氏菌(Gordonia terrae)全部灭活,灭活率仅为3个对数去除率,相同消毒条件下,大肠埃希氏菌在消毒剂作用20 min后基本全部被灭活。供水管网中耐氯菌的出现对水厂现行消毒工艺提出了新的挑战。 | 褚福敏 孙韶华 逯南南 王明泉 赵清华 贾瑞宝 | 2020 | 中国给水排水2020，36，21： | 0 |
| 7 | 基于伤残调整寿命年的健康风险定量分析方法显示文摘污水回用是缓解水资源短缺与水污染的有效途径,而再生水中残留病原体所导致的健康风险是推动污水回用的重要限制因素。该研究引入伤残调整寿命年(DALY),将其作为衡量健康风险水平的新指标,建立了基于伤残调整寿命年计算的污水回用风险评价新方法。在此基础上,将该方法应用于西安思源学院污水回用系统的健康影响评价,结果显示,大肠杆菌是造成潜在健康危害的最主要病原体,其疾病负担为2.46×10^(-13)DALYs;另外,人体在再生水喷灌过程中的暴露是风险传播的重要途径,其疾病负担为3.31×10^(-13)DALYs。基于DALY的污水回用风险评价新方法将风险水平量化为寿命损失,其计算结果是对健康伤害程度的直观表达,该方法及其应用将有利于精准评价污水回用的健康风险。 | 高婷婷 陈荣 刘言正 王晓昌 | 2018 | 环境科学与技术2018，41，4： | 0 |
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