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| 1 | The role of temperature as a driver of metabolic flexibility in the Red-billed Leiothrix(Leiothrix lutea)显示文摘Background:The thermoregulatory ability of animals is strongly influenced by the temperature of their environment.Acclimation to cold requires a range of physiological and morphological adjustments.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that a small passerine,the Red-billed Leiothrix(Leiothrix lutea),can maintain homeothermy in cold conditions by adjusting the physiology and biochemistry of its tissue and organs and return to its former physiological and biochemical state when moved to a warm temperature.Methods:Phenotypic variation in thermogenic activity of the Red-billed Leiothrixs(Leiothrix lutea)was investigated under warm(35℃),normal(25℃)or cold(15℃)ambient temperature conditions.Oxygen consumption was measured using an open-circuit respirometry system.Mitochondrial state-4 respiration and cytochrome-c oxidase(COX)activity in liver,kidney heart and pectoral muscle were measured with a Clark electrode.Results:Birds acclimated to an ambient temperature of 15℃ for 4 weeks significantly increased their basal metabolic rate(BMR)compared to a control group kept at 25℃.Birds acclimated to 35℃ decreased their BMR,gross energy intake(GEI)and digestible energy intake(DEI).Furthermore,birds acclimated to 15℃ increased state-4 respiration in their pectoral muscles and cytochrome-c oxidase(COX)activity in their liver and pectoral muscle,compared to the 25℃ control group.Birds acclimated to 35℃ also displayed lower state-4 respiration and COX activity in the liver,heart and pectoral muscles,compared to those kept at 25℃.There was a positive correlation between BMR and state-4 respiration,and between BMR and COX activity,in all of the above organs except the liver and heart.Conclusions:Our study illustrates that the morphological,physiological,and enzymatic changes are associated with temperature acclimation in the Red-billed Leiothrix,and supports the notion that the primary means by which small birds meet the energetic challenges of cold conditions is through metabolic adjustments. | Danqi Cui Na Wang Jingru Ge Jiaying Xu Weihong Zheng Jinsong Liu | 2019 | Avian Research2019，10，4： | 2 |
| 2 | Thermogenic responses in Eurasian Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus)to seasonal acclimatization and temperature-photoperiod acclimation显示文摘Background:Small birds in temperate habitats must either migrate,or adjust aspects of their morphology,physiology and behavior to cope with seasonal change in temperature and photoperiod.It is,however,difficult to accurately measure how seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod affect physiological processes such as basal metabolic rate(BMR)and metabolic activity.To address this problem,we collected data in each month of the year on body mass(Mb)and BMR,and conducted a series of experiments to determine the effect of temperature and photoperiod on Mb,BMR and physiological markers of metabolic activity,in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus).Methods:In one experiment,we measured monthly change in Mb and BMR in a captive group of birds over a year.In another experiment,we examined the effects of acclimating birds to two different temperatures,10 and 30℃,and a long and a short photoperiod(16 h light:8 h dark and 8 h light:16 h dark,respectively)for 4 weeks.Results:We found that these treatments induced sparrows to adjust their Mb and metabolic rate processes.Acclimation to 30℃for 4 weeks significantly decreased sparrows’Mb,BMR,and energy intake,including both gross energy intake and digestible energy intake,compared to birds acclimated to 10℃.The dry mass of the liver,kidneys and digestive tract of birds acclimated to 30℃also significantly decreased,although their heart and skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly relative to those acclimated to 10℃.Birds acclimated to 30℃also had lower mitochondrial state-4 respiration(S4R)and cytochrome c oxidase(COX)activity in their liver and skeletal muscle,compared to those acclimated to 10℃.Birds acclimated to the long photoperiod also had lower mitochondrial S4R and COX activity in their liver,compared to those acclimated to the short photoperiod.Conclusions:These results illustrate the changes in morphology,physiology,and enzyme activity induced by seasonal change in temperature and photoperiod in a small temperate passerine.Both temperature and photoperiod probably have a strong effect on seasonal variation in metabolic heat production in small birds in temperate regions.The effect of temperature is,however,stronger than that of photoperiod. | Lin Li Jingru Ge Sangyu Zheng Lihong Hong Xini Zhang Ming Li Jinsong Liu | 2020 | Avian Research2020，11，3： | 1 |
| 3 | 白头鹎的体温调节与蒸发失水显示文摘采用开放式呼吸测定仪和数字式温度测量仪,在环境温度为5.0~35.0℃范围内,测定8只白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)的体温、代谢产热和蒸发失水(EWL),并计算其热传导等生理生态特征。结果表明,白头鹎的热中性区为25.0~32.0℃;基础代谢率(BMR)为(3.67±0.03)ml/(g·h),是体重预期值的64%。平均最小热传导为(0.15±0.00)ml/(g·h·℃),是体重预期值的124%。蒸发失水与产热的比率(EWL/RMR)在5.0~35.0℃时随着环境温度的升高而升高,在35℃时达到峰值,为0.20±0.01。代谢水和蒸发失水的比率(MWP/EWL)随环境温度上升而下降,在16.4℃时,MWP/EWL为1。这些结果表明,白头鹎具有较低的基础代谢率和高的热传导,蒸发失水在体温调节中占有重要的地位。 | 夏素素 俞呈呈 沈丽玉 章忆颖 郑蔚虹 柳劲松 | 2014 | 动物学杂志2014，49，6： | 1 |
| 4 | Short photoperiod increases energy intake, metabolic thermogenesis and organ mass in silky starlings Sturnus sericeus显示文摘Environmental cues play important roles in the regulation of an animal's physiology and behavior. One such cue, photoperiod, plays an important role in the seasonal acclimatization of birds. It has been demonstrated that an animal's body mass, basal metabolic rate(BMR), and energy intake, are all affected by photoperiod. The present study was designed to examine photoperiod induced changes in the body mass, metabolism and metabolic organs of the silky starling, Sturnus sericeus. Captive silky starlings increased their body mass and BMR during four weeks of acclimation to a short photoperiod. Birds acclimated to a short photoperiod also increased the mass of certain organs(liver, gizzard and small intestine), and both gross energy intake(GEI) and digestible energy intake(DEI), relative to those acclimated to a long photoperiod. Furthermore, BMR was positively correlated with body mass, liver mass, GEI and DEI. These results suggest that silky starlings increase metabolic thermogenesis when exposed to a short photoperiod by increasing their body and metabolic organ mass, and their GEI and DEI. These findings support the hypothesis that bird species from temperate climates typically display high phenotypic flexibility in thermogenic capacity. | Jia-Qi WANG Jia-Jia WANG Xu-Jian WU Wei-Hong ZHENG Jin-Song LIU | 2016 | Zoological Research2016，37，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Short-term captivity influences maximal cold-induced metabolic rates and their repeatability in summer-acclimatized American goldfinches Spinus tristis显示文摘 | David L. SWANSON Marisa O. KING | 2013 | Current Zoology2013，59，4： | 0 |
| 6 | 冬季限食对树麻雀能量代谢的影响及其生理适应显示文摘为探讨冬季食物相对缺乏的条件下树麻雀(Passer montanus)的能量预算对策,将野外捕获的树麻雀按体重随机分为对照组、半饥饿驯化组、1/4饥饿驯化组,驯化4周,对其体重和器官重、基础代谢率等生理指标,以及肠绒毛肠道组织进行测定。结果表明:试验组体重、基础代谢率、消化能、消化率、体脂质量分数与对照组相比,组间差异极显著(P<0.01);试验组各器官的鲜重较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01);试验组树麻雀肝脏中的淀粉酶活性较对照组极显著增高(P<0.01),胰腺、大肠、小肠、十二指肠、直肠、肌胃和腺胃中的淀粉酶活性较对照组降低;试验组的肝糖原和肌糖原质量分数较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01),大肠、小肠和直肠长度较对照组极显著增高(P<0.01),十二指肠长度较对照组增加不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明,冬季在限食条件下,树麻雀通过降低基础代谢率,增加消化道长度,加快肝糖原和肌糖原的分解及增加消化能来补偿能量消耗等一系列生理生化反应,以适应饥饿寒冷的环境。 | 刘佳人 徐兴军 王有祥 林美含 邵淑丽 | 2022 | 野生动物学报2022，43，1： | 0 |
| 7 | Continuous growth through winter correlates with increased resting metabolic rate but does not affect daily energy budgets due to torpor use显示文摘Small mammals that are specialists in homeothermic thermoregulation reduce their self-maintenance costs of normothermy to survive the winter.By contrast,heterothermic ones that are considered generalists in thermoregulation can lower energy expenditure by entering torpor.It is well known that different species vary the use of their strategies to cope with harsh winters in tem-perate zones;however,ittle is still known about the intraspecific variation within populations and the associated external and internal factors.We hypothesized that yellow-necked mice Apodemus flavicollis decrease their resting metabolic rate(RMR)from autumn to winter,and then increase it during spring.However,since the alternative for seasonal reduction of RMR could be the develop-ment of heterothermy,we also considered the use of this strategy.We measured body mass(mp),RMR,and body temperature(Tb)of mice during 2 consecutive years.In the 1st year,mice decreased whole animal RMR in winter,but did not do so in the 2nd year.All mice entered torpor during the 2nd winter,whereas only a few did so during the first one.Mice showed a continuous in-crease of mb,which was steepest during the 2nd year.The relationship between RMR and mb var-ied among seasons and years most likely due to different mouse development stages.The mb gain at the individual level was correlated positively with RMR and heterothermy.This indicates that high metabolism in winter supports the growth of smaller animals,which use torpor as a compen-satory mechanism.Isotope composition of mice hair suggests that in the 1st year they fed mainly on seeds,while in the 2nd,they likely consumed significant amounts of less digestible herbs.The study suggests that the use of specialist or generalist thermoregulatory strategies can differ with environmental variation and associated differences in developmental processes. | Jan S.BORATYNSKI Karolina IWINSKA Paulina A.SZAFRANSKA Piotr CHIBOWSKI Wiestaw BOGDANOWICZ | 2021 | Current Zoology2021，67，2： | 0 |
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