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| 1 | Gender identification using acoustic analysis in birds without external sexual dimorphism显示文摘Zoo and wildlife management faces a problem with bird sexing,as many bird taxa have indiscernible gender differences in size and coloration.Problematic groups are geese,cranes,rails,raptors,owls,parrots,doves,auks,shearwaters and some passerines.Commonly accepted invasive sexing techniques based on genetics,laparoscopy,morphometric and on cloacal inspection,are all needed in bird capturing and handling.Capturing and subsequent manipulations may be inapplicable for free-ranging birds,whereas distant voice-based sexing is relevant for many species.This review evaluates the potential for noninvasive sexing by separate calls or duet calls,for adult birds of 69 species from 16 orders and for chicks of 11 species from 7 orders.For adult birds of 25 species,a single call per individual was sufficient for 100 % reliable sexing by ear or using spectrographic analysis.For chicks,the potential for voice-based sexing seems to be very limited.For birds calling rarely or unpredictably,we propose a simple way of provoking vocalization using playbacks of species-specific calls that are available from sound libraries.We conclude that sexing by voice may represent a feasible alternative to the classical sexing techniques,both in the wild and in captivity. | Ilya A.Volodin Elena V.Volodina Anna V.Klenova Vera A.Matrosova | 2015 | Chinese Birds2015，，4： | 1 |
| 2 | Noninvasive and nondestructive sampling for avian microsatellite genotyping: a case study on the vulnerable Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes)显示文摘Background: Noninvasive and nondestructive DNA sampling techniques are becoming more important in genetic studies because they can provide genetic material from wild animals with less or even without disturbance,which is particularly useful for the study of endangered species,i.e.,birds.However,nondestructively and noninvasively sampled DNA may,in some cases,be inadequate in the amount and quality of the material collected,which can lead to low amplification success rates and high genotyping errors.Methods: In this study,noninvasive(eggshell swab,shed feather and feces),nondestructive(plucked feather and buccal swab) and invasive(blood) DNA samples were collected from the vulnerable Chinese Egret(Egretta eulophotes).DNA concentrations,PCR amplification success and microsatellite genotyping errors of different sample types were evaluated and compared to determine whether noninvasive and nondestructive samples performed as well as invasive samples in our experimental procedures.Results: A total of 159 samples were collected in the field.Among the different sample types,the highest DNA concentrations(154.0–385.5 ng/μL) were obtained from blood.Those extracted from fecal samples were the lowest,ranging from 1.25 to 27.5 ng/μL.Almost all of the DNA samples,i.e.,95.59 %,were successfully amplified for mt DNA(n = 152) and 92.76 % of mt DNA samples were successfully genotyped for at least five of the nine microsatellite loci tested(n = 141).Blood samples and buccal swabs produced reliable genotypes with no genotyping errors,but in feces,allelic dropouts and false alleles occurred in all nine loci,with error rates ranging from 6.67 to 38.10 % for the dropouts and from 6.06 to 15.15 % for the false alleles.Conclusions: These results indicate that both nondestructive and noninvasive samplings are suitable for avian microsatellite genotyping,save for fecal DNA.However,we should remain cautious of the appearance of genotyping errors,especially when using noninvasive material. | Yufei Dai Qingxian Lin Wenzhen Fang Xiaoping Zhou Xiaolin Chen | 2015 | Chinese Birds2015，，4： | 1 |
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