| 1 | Impact of the gut microbiota on rodent models of human disease显示文摘Traditionally bacteria have been considered as either pathogens,commensals or symbionts.The mammal gut harbors 1014 organisms dispersed on approximately1000 different species.Today,diagnostics,in contrast to previous cultivation techniques,allow the identification of close to 100%of bacterial species.This has revealed that a range of animal models within different research areas,such as diabetes,obesity,cancer,allergy,behavior and colitis,are affected by their gut microbiota.Correlation studies may for some diseases show correlation between gut microbiota composition and disease parameters higher than 70%.Some disease phenotypes may be transferred when recolonizing germ free mice.The mechanistic aspects are not clear,but some examples on how gut bacteria stimulate receptors,metabolism,and immune responses are discussed.A more deeper understanding of the impact of microbiota has its origin in the overall composition of the microbiota and in some newly recognized species,such as Akkermansia muciniphila,Segmented filamentous bacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,which seem to have an impact on more or less severe disease in specific models.Thus,the impact of the microbiota on animal models is of a magnitude that cannot be ignored in future research.Therefore,either models with specific microbiota must be developed,or the microbiota must be characterized in individual studies and incorporated into data evaluation. | Axel Kornerup Hansen Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen Lukasz Krych Dennis Sandris Nielsen | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，47： | 4 |
| 2 | Hydradenitis suppurativa and inflammatory bowel disease: An unusual, but existing association显示文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) could be associated with several extra-intestinal manifestations(EIMs) involving musculoskeletal, hepatopancreatobiliary, ocular, renal, and pulmonary systems, as well as the skin. In the last years, hidradenitis suppurativa(HS) is acquiring an increasing interest. IBD, especially Crohn's disease(CD), is among the most reported associated diseases in HS patients. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of data showing a possible epidemiologic and pathogenetic association between IBD and HS. We performed a pooled-data analysis of four studies and pooled prevalence of HS in IBD patients was 12.8%, with a 95%CI of 11.7%-13.9%. HS was present in 17.3% of subjects with CD(95%CI: 15.5%-19.1%) and in 8.5% of UC patients(95%CI: 7.0%-9.9%). Some items, especially altered immune imbalance, are generally involved in IBD pathogenesis as well as invoked by HS. Smoking is one of the most relevant risk factors for both disorders, representing a predictor of their severity, despite, actually, there being a lack of studies analyzing a possible shared pathway. A role for inheritance in HS and CD pathogenesis has been supposed. Despite a genetic susceptibility having been demonstrated for both diseases, further studies are needed to investigate a genetic mutual route. Although the pathogenesis of IBD and HS is generally linked to alterations of the immune response, recent findings suggest a role for intestinal and skin microbiota, respectively. In detail, the frequent finding of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci on HS cutaneous lesions suggests abacterial involvement in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, microflora varies in the different cutaneous regions of the body and, consequently, two different profiles of HS patients have been identified on these bases. On the other hand, it is well-known that intestinal microbiota may be considered as 'the explosive mixture' at the origin of IBD despite the exact relationship having not been completely clarified yet. A better comprehension of the role that some bacterial species play in the IBD pathogenesis may be essential to develop appropriate management strategies in the near future. A final point is represented by some similarities in the therapeutic management of HS and IBD, since they may be controlled by immunomodulatory drugs. In conclusion, an unregulated inflammation may cause the lesions typical of both HS and IBD, particularly when they coexist. However, this is still a largely unexplored field. | Mariabeatrice Principi Nicoletta Cassano Antonella Contaldo Andrea Iannone Giuseppe Losurdo Michele Barone Mario Mastrolonardo Gino Antonio Vena Enzo Ierardi Alfredo Di Leo | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，20： | 1 |
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