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| 1 | Complex role for the immune system in initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer显示文摘The immune system plays a complex role in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Inflammation can promote the formation of premalignant lesions and accelerate pancreatic cancer development. Conversely, pancreatic cancer is characterized by an immunosuppressive environment, which is thought to promote tumor progression and invasion. Here we review the current literature describing the role of the immune response in the progressive development of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on the mechanisms that drive recruitment and activation of immune cells at the tumor site, and our current understanding of the function of the immune cell types at the tumor. Recent clinical and preclinical data are reviewed, detailing the involvement of the immune response in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, including the role of specific cytokines and implications for disease outcome. Acute pancreatitis is characterized by a predominantly innate immune response, while chronic pancreatitis elicits an immune response that involves both innate and adaptive immune cells, and often results in profound sys-temic immune-suppression. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by marked immune dysfunction driven by immunosuppressive cell types, tumor-promoting immune cells, and defective or absent inflammatory cells. Recent studies reveal that immune cells interact with cancer stem cells and tumor stromal cells, and these interactions have an impact on development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC). Finally, current PDAC therapies are reviewed and the potential for harnessing the actions of the immune response to assist in targeting pancreatic cancer using immunotherapy is discussed. | Kristin S Inman Amanda A Francis Nicole R Murray | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，32： | 11 |
| 2 | SIBLINGs and SPARC families: Their emerging roles in pancreatic cancer显示文摘Pancreatic cancer has a considerably poor prognosis with a 5-year survival probability of less than 5%when all stages are combined.Pancreatic cancer is characterized by its dense stroma,which is involved in the critical interplay with the tumor cells throughout tumor progression and furthermore,creates a barrier restricting efficient penetration of therapeutics.Alterations in a large number of genes are reflected by a limited number of signaling pathways,which are potential targets.Understanding more about the molecular basis of this devastating cancer type regarding tumor microenvironment,distinct subpopulations of cells,epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inflammation will lead to the development of various targeted therapies for controlling tumor growth and metastasis.In this complex scenario of pancreatic cancer,especially members of the'small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins'(SIBLINGs)and'secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine'(SPARC)families have emerged due to their prominent roles in properties including proliferation,dif-ferentiation,apoptosis,adhesion,migration,angiogenesis,wound repair and regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling.SIBLINGs consist of five members,which include osteopontin(OPN),bone sialoprotein,dentin matrix protein 1,dentin sialophosphoprotein and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein.The SPARC family of modular extracellular proteins is comprised of SPARC/osteonectin(ON)and SPARC-like 1(hevin);secreted modular calcium binding proteins;testicans and follistatin-like protein.In this review,we especially focus on OPN and ON,elaborating on their special and growing importance in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and prognosis. | Ferda Kaleagasioglu Martin R Berger | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，40： | 1 |
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