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1Distributed modeling of monthly air temperatures over the rugged terrain of the Yellow River Basin显示文摘Our analyses of the monthly mean air temperature of meteorological stations show that altitude,global solar radiation and surface effective radiation have a significant impact on air temperature.We set up a physically-based empirical model for monthly air temperature simulation.Combined the proposed model with the distributed modeling results of global solar radiation and routine meteorological observation data,we also developed a method for the distributed simulation of monthly air temperatures over rugged terrain.Spatial distribution maps are generated at a resolution of 1 km×1 km for the monthly mean,the monthly mean maximum and the monthly mean minimum air temperatures for the Yellow River Basin.Analysis shows that the simulation results reflect to a considerable extent the macro and local distribution characteristics of air temperature.Cross-validation shows that the proposed model displays good stability with mean absolute bias errors of 0.19℃-0.35℃.Tests carried out on local meteorological station data and case year data show that the model has good spatial and temporal simulation capacity.The proposed model solely uses routine meteorological data and can be applied easily to other regions.ZENG Yan QIU XinFa HE YongJian SHI GuoPing LIU ChangMing 2009Science China Earth Sciences2009,52,5:11
2Scale problem:Influence of grid spacing of digital elevation model on computed slope and shielded extra-terrestrial solar radiation显示文摘Solar radiation is the primary energy source that drives many of Earth’s physical and biological processes and determines the patterns of climate and productivity on the surface of the Earth.A fundamental proportion of solar radiation is composed of shielded extraterrestrial solar radiation(SESR),which can be computed using the slope and aspect derived from a digital elevation model(DEM).The objective of this paper is to determine the influence of the grid spacing of the DEM(the influence of the scale of the DEM)on the errors of slope,aspect and SESR.This paper puts forward the concepts of slope representation error,aspect representation error,and SESR representation error and then studies the relations among these errors and the grid spacing of DEMs.We find that when the grid spacing of a DEM becomes coarser,the average SESR increases;the increase in SESR is dominated by the grid cells of the DEM with a negative slope representation error,whereas SESR generally decreases in the grid cells with a positive slope representation error.Although the grid spacing varies,the distribution of the percentages of positive SESR representation errors on the slope,which is classified into 11 slope intervals,is independent of the grid spacing;this distribution is concentrated across some slope intervals.Moreover,the average absolute value and mean square error of the SESR representation error are closely related to those of the slope representation error and the aspect representation error.The findings in this study may be useful for predicting and reducing the errors in SESR measurements and may help to avoid mistakes in foture research and in practical applications in which SESR is the data of interest or plays a vital role in an analysis.Nan CHEN 2020Frontiers of Earth Science2020,14,1:3
3Distributed Modeling of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Over the Rugged Terrains of Pakistan显示文摘In Pakistan,the solar analogue has been addressed but its surface geographical parameterization has given least attention.Inappropriate density of stations and their spatial coverage particularly in difficult peripheral national territories,little or no solar radiation data,non-satisfactory sunshine hours data,and low quality of ground observed cloud cover data create a situation in which the spatial modeling of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation(ESR) and its ground parameterization got sufficient scope.The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) input into Geographic Information System (GIS) is a compatible tool to demonstrate the spatial distribution of ESR over the rugged terrains of the study domain.For the first time,distributed modeling of ESR is done over the rugged terrains of Pakistan,based on DEM and ArcGIS..Results clearly depict that the complex landforms profoundly disrupt the zonal distribution of ESR in Pakistan.The screening impact of topography is higher on spatial distribution of ESR in winter and considerably low in summer.The combined effect of topography and latitude is obvious.Hence,the model was further testified by plotting Rb (ratio of ESR quantity over rugged terrain against plane surface) against azimuth at different latitudes with different angled slopes.The results clearly support the strong screening effect of rugged terrain through out the country especially in Himalayas,Karakoram and Hindukush (HKH),western border mountains and Balochistan Plateau.This model can be instrumental as baseline geospatial information for scientific investigations in Pakistan,where substantial fraction of national population is living in mountainous regions.Romana AMBREEN QIU Xinfa Iftikhar AHMAD 2011Journal of Mountain Science2011,8,3:3
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