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| 1 | Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy显示文摘Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fatcontaining vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS-or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations. | Fabian Springer Jürgen Machann Claus D Claussen Fritz Schick Nina F Schwenzer | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，13： | 19 |
| 2 | Electrical impedance of a pore wall for the flooded-agglomerate model of porous gas-diffusion electrodes显示文摘 | SPRINGER T E RAISTRICK I D | 1989 | J Electrochem Soc1989，136，6： | 2 |
| 3 | HER -2 Tissue Expres- sion correlated with serum levels in breast cancer patients 显示文摘 | Pribylovea O Springer D Vitkova I | 2007 | FoliaBio2007，53，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Novel study on the liquid crystalline behavior of poly(methacrylate)s with biphenyl side groups显示文摘 | KOLTZENBUGR S WOLFF D SPRINGER J | 1998 | Journal of Polymer Science:Part A1998，，36： | 1 |
| 5 | Abdominal surgical inter- ventions: local and systemic consequences for the immune system- a prospective study on elective gastrointestinal surgery显示文摘 | Decker D Tolba R Springer W etal | 2005 | J Surg Res2005，126，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Oyster sperm bindin is a combinatorial fucose lection with remarkable intra-species diversity 显示文摘 | Springer S A Moy G W Friend D S | 2008 | International Journal of Developmental Biology2008，52，56： | 1 |
| 7 | Reference intervals in evaluation of maternal thyroid function during the first trimester of pregnancy显示文摘 | Springer D Zima T Limanova Z | 2009 | Eur J Endocrinol2009，160，5： | 1 |
| 8 | Changes in TH1/TH2 immunity after endovascular and conventional infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair: its relevance for clinical practice 显示文摘 | Decker D Springer W Decker P | 2003 | Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2003，25，3： | 1 |
| 9 | On the formation andgrowth of intermetallic phases during interdiffusion betweenlow-carbon steel and aluminum alloys 显示文摘 | SPRINGER H KOSTKA A PAYTON E J RAABE D KAYSSER-PYZALLA A EGGELER G | 2011 | Acta Materialia2011，59，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Systemic safety of high-dose anti- biotic-loaded cement spacers after resection of an infected total knee ar- throplasty 显示文摘 | Springer BD Lee GC Osmon D | 2004 | Clin Orthop Relat Res2004，，427： | 1 |
| 11 | Efficiency and incentives in residential brokerage显示文摘 | Brastow R T Springer T M Waller B D | 2012 | The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics2012，45，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Air permeability of porous materials under controlled laboratory conditions显示文摘 | Springer D S Loaiciga H A Cullen S J | 1998 | GroundWater1998，36，4： | 1 |
| 13 | Movements of benzo pyrene across the hemochorial placenta of the guinea pig 显示文摘 | Kelman B J Springer D L | 1982 | Exp Biol Med1982，169，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Patient mount an autoimmune response to their bladder cancer-associated T antigen显示文摘 | Ignatoff J M Springer G F Blum M D | 1983 | Naturwissenschaften1983，70，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Hydroxylation of mutilin by streptomyces griseus and cunninghamella echinulata显示文摘 | HANSON R L MATSON J A BRZOZOWSKI D B LAPORTE T L SPRINGER D M PATEL R N | 2002 | Org Process Res Dev2002，6，4： | 1 |
| 16 | The kine- matic rotating hinge prosthesis for complex knee arthro- plasty显示文摘 | Springer B D Hanssen A D Sim F H | 2001 | Clin Orthop Relat Res2001，，392： | 1 |
| 17 | Structure-activity relationship in cationic lipid mediated gene transfection 显示文摘 | Niculescu Duvaz D Heyes J Springer CJ | 2003 | Curt Med Chem2003，10，14： | 1 |
| 18 | Leukocyte adhesion deficiency:an inherited defect in the Mac-1,LFA-1 and p150,95 glycoproteins显示文摘 | Anderson D C Springer T A | 1987 | Ann Rev Med1987，，38： | 1 |
| 19 | Systemic safety of high-dose an tib iotic-loaded cement spacer after resec- tion of an infected total knee 显示文摘 | Springer BD Lee GC Osmon D | 2004 | Clin Orthop Relat Res2004，，427： | 1 |
| 20 | Reference intervals in evaluationof maternal thyroid function during the first trimester of pregnancy显示文摘 | Springer D Zima T Limanoval Z | 2009 | Eur J Endocrinol2009，160，5： | 1 |
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