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| 1 | Guidelines for Hearing Aids and Services for Developing Countries(^(2nd)Edition,2004.9.)显示文摘EXECUTIVE SUMMARY These guidelines have been developed by an expert working group set up following a recommendation by the WHO-CBM Workshop on Needs and Technology Assessment for Hearing Aids Services in Developing Countries held in 1998. Current production of hearing aids is one-tenth of the global need and only one quarter of these are distributed to developing countries. There is an urgent nee d to provide hearing aids and services that are appropriate and affordable for developing cou ntries, taking into account the scarcity in resources of skills, training, services and finances in most developing countries. These guidelines set out minimum requirements and recommendations for such hearing aids and services, and are particularly targete d at manufacturers, distributors, policy makers and service providers at all levels. It is intended that the hearing aid requirements given here would enable manufacturers to produ ce them at low cost and in bulk with currently available technology. The guidelines recommend that priority for hearing aids and services should be given to children with an average hearing impairment in the range 31 to 80 dBHL in the better ear in the frequency range 500 Hz to 4 kHz, followed by adults with an av erage hearing impairment in the range 41 to 80 dBHL in the better ear in the same frequency ra nge. Behind the ear hearing aids should be the preferred option but body-worn aids ma y still be required in some situations, provided they are of similar reliability and no gre ater cost than behind the ear hearing aids. To ensure that a basis for specifying the electroac oustic performance of hearing aids is available a minimum performance specification is given; this does not preclude the use of higher performance aids as appropriate. Persons with profound hearing impairment may benefit from a Cochlear implant( CI ) but implantation is not recommended unless the necessary medical, technical, edu cational, psychological and hearing therapist resources and services are available. Also, where resources are limited, the available resources may be more effectively used to p revent a greater burden of hearing loss in more people through using less costly interven tions. Manufacture or assembly and servicing of hearing aids should be feasible in developing countries. Hearing aids and batteries that are imported from another country should be classified as medical devices in order to avoid import duty. Batteries should be zinc air or rechargeable type. The availability of a reliable supply of batterie s is essential. Earmoulds should be individually made by a two-stage syringe technique in locall y established static laboratories; other methods that maintain the same quality ma y be used. Portable, mobile facilities may be necessary in less accessible areas. Universal or stock size earmoulds should only be used as a temporary measure. Earmoulds should be replac ed at recommended intervals. Services for providing hearing aids to users are an essential component of a hea ring health system. The guidelines make recommendations for services which comprise r aising awareness, identification and assessment, provision, support for users, and trai ning. Awareness should be raised through the promotion of prime messages about the problems caused by hearing impairment, its detection, and prevention of its effe cts. These messages should be targeted at particular groups in society including people wit h hearing impairment, parents, teachers, community and national leaders, health care and e ducational and other service providers, and policy makers and administrators. Identification of hearing impairment should be done at the primary level by prim ary health care (PHC) workers with training and skills in primary ear and hearing ca re (PEHC). Persons with hearing impairment and discernible ear disease (such as otitis medi a) should receive medical &/or | World Health Organization Prevention of Blindness and Deafness (PBD) | 2005 | 听力学及言语疾病杂志2005，13，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Interrelation between Patenting and Standardization Strategies :Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications 显示文摘 | Knut Blind Nikolaus Thumm | 2004 | Research Policy2004，，33： | 1 |
| 3 | Interdependencies Between the Science and Technology Infrastructure and Innovation Activities in German Regions:Empirical Findings and Policy Consequences显示文摘 | Blind K Gmpp H | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 4 | Driving Forces for Standardization at Standardization Development Organizations显示文摘 | Kunt Blind | 2002 | Applied Economics2002，34，2： | 1 |
| 5 | A comparison between hepatic artery ligation and portal 5-Fu infusion versus 5-Fu intra arterial infusion for colorectal liver metastases显示文摘 | Naredi P Oman M Blind PJ | 2003 | Eur J Surg Oncol2003，29，5： | 1 |
| 6 | The impact of patents and standards on macroeco- nomic growth: a panel approach covering four countries and 12 sectors 显示文摘 | Blind K A Jungmittag | 2008 | Journal of Productivity Analysis2008，29，1： | 1 |
| 7 | A taxonomy of standards in the service sector : Theoreticaldiscussion and empirical test 显示文摘 | Blind K | 2006 | Service Industries Journal2006，26，4： | 1 |
| 8 | Research and standardisation in nanotechnology显示文摘 | BLIND K GAUCH S | 2009 | Journal of Technology Transfer2009，34，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Stimulating the GPR30 estrogen receptor with a novel tamoxifen analogue activates SF-1 and promotes endometrial cell proliferation显示文摘 | Lin BC Suzawa M Blind RD | 2009 | Cancer Res2009，69，： | 1 |
| 10 | Motives to Patent: Empirical Evidence from Germany 显示文摘 | Blind K Edler J Frietsch R | 2006 | Research Policy2006，35，5： | 1 |
| 11 | The Influence of Regulations on Innovation, A Quantitative Assessment for OECD Countries显示文摘 | Blind Knut | 2012 | Research Policy2012，41，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Interrelation between patenting and standardisation strategies:empirical evidence and policy implications显示文摘 | BLIND K THUMMC N | 2004 | Research Policy2004，，33： | 1 |
| 13 | The influence of regulations on innovation : A quantitative assessment for OECD countries 显示文摘 | Blind K | 2012 | Re- search Policy2012，41，2： | 1 |
| 14 | The Impact of Innovations and Standards on Trade of Measurement and Testing Products: Empirical Results of Switzer- land's Bilateral Trade Flows with Germany, France and the UK显示文摘 | Blind Knut | 2001 | Information Economics and Policy2001，13，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Antigenicity testing by immunohistochemistry after tissue oxidation 显示文摘 | Blind C Koepenik A Pacyna-Gengelbach M | 2008 | J Clin Pathol2008，6，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Double- study of the combination of in patients with advanced melanoma: a report from the 11715 Study Group显示文摘 | McDermott DF Sosman JA blind randomized phase Ⅱ sorafenib and dacarbazine Gonzalez R | 2008 | J Clin Oncol2008，26，13： | 1 |
| 17 | Motives to Patent:Empirical Evidence from Germany显示文摘 | Knut Blind Edler J Frietsch R Schmoch U | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 18 | Stimulating the GPR30 estrogen receptor with a novel tamoxifen analogue activates SF-1 and promotes endometrial cell proliferation显示文摘 | Lin BC Suzawa M Blind RD | 2009 | Cancer Res2009，69，13： | 1 |
| 19 | Towards an openmodelling interface(OpenMI)the HarmonIT project显示文摘 | BLIND M GREGERSEN J B | 2005 | Advances in Geosciences2005，4，： | 1 |
| 20 | Teaching Values and Implementing Philosophies:Dilemmas of the Youth Sport Coach显示文摘 | SARAH G MCCALLISTER ELAINE M BLINDE WlNDEEM WEISS | 2000 | Phy Edu2000，1，： | 1 |
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