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| 1 | Application of entransy dissipation extremum principle in radiative heat transfer optimization显示文摘The concepts of entransy flux and entransy dissipation in radiative heat transfer were introduced based on the analogy with heat conduction and heat convection processes. Entransy will be partially dissipated during the radiative heat transfer processes due to the irreversibility. The extremum principle of entransy dissipation was developed for optimizing radiative heat transfer processes. This principle states that for a fixed boundary temperature the radiative heat transfer is optimized when the entransy dissipation is maximized, while for a fixed boundary heat flux the radiative heat transfer process is optimized when the entransy dissipation is minimized. Finally, examples for the application of the entransy dissipation extre- mum principle are presented. | Jing Wu XinGang Liang | 2008 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2008，51，8： | 56 |
| 2 | Homogenization of temperature field and temperature gradient field显示文摘The homogenization of temperature field and temperature gradient field are very important for many devices, systems and equipments, such as satellites and electronic devices. This paper discusses the distribution optimization of the limited high conductivity material with the simulated annealing algorithm to homogenize the temperature field in a two-dimensional heat conduction problem. At the same time, the temperature gradient field is homogenized with the bionic optimization method. The results show that the two optimization targets are consistent to some extent, while the bionic optimization method could save much computing time. In addition, there are threshold values for the amount of high conductivity material and the ratio of the high conductivity to the low conductivity beyond which further increasing these values brings very little improvement on the homogenization of temperature field and temperature gradient field. | CHENG XueTao XU XiangHua LIANG XinGang | 2009 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2009，52，10： | 35 |
| 3 | Entransy decrease principle of heat transfer in an isolated system显示文摘The entropy increase principle for an isolated system and the criteria of thermal equilibrium for an isolated system and systems with prescribed temperature and volume can be derived on the basis of the concept of entropy and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. In this paper, the entransy decrease principle for an isolated system is introduced on the basis of the concept of entransy. It is found that the entransy of an isolated system always decreases during heat transfer. This principle can be taken as an expression of the second law of thermodynamics for heat transfer. The thermal equilibrium criteria for an isolated system and a closed system are also introduced. It is found that when an isolated system reaches thermal equilibrium, its entransy is a minimum value. This criterion is referred to as the minimum entransy principle. When a closed system reaches thermal equilibrium, its free entransy is also a minimum value. This criterion is referred to as the minimum free entransy principle. Therefore, like entropy, entransy can be considered an arrow of time in heat transfer and used to describe the thermal equilibrium state. | CHENG XueTao LIANG XinGang GUO ZengYuan | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，9： | 29 |
| 4 | Drift characteristics of green macroalgae in the Yellow Sea in 2008 and 2010显示文摘In order to investigate the aggregation mechanism of green macroalgae (Enteromorpha prolifera) on the Qingdao coastline,the macroalgal drift characteristics in the Yellow Sea during June and July in 2008 and 2010 were simulated using a three-dimensional wave-tide-circulation coupled model.In June 2008,the monthly-mean surface current flowed onshore and its direction was almost perpendicular to the Qingdao coastline,which was identified as the main reason for a huge accumulation of algae in the coastal waters off Qingdao.The current became parallel to the coastline in July 2008;this shift in current direction led to little accumulation of algae near Qingdao and thus relieved the environmental pressure on the Olympic sailing events.By using the coupled model,we predicted that there would be no serious algal accumulation at Qingdao in late June 2010,which was later confirmed by observations.This study demonstrated that the drift path of macroalgae near Qingdao is mainly controlled by the surface current,which is primarily driven by wind.Regional climate change is therefore one of the means by which physical processes affect marine ecosystems. | QIAO FangLi WANG GuanSuo LüXinGang DAI DeJun | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，21： | 25 |
| 5 | Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs,NOx, and O_3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China显示文摘A continuous online observation of ozone and its precursors(NOx, VOCs) was carried out in central urban Wuhan from September 2016 to August 2017. The concentration levels of ozone,NOx, VOCs and their variations in urban Wuhan were analyzed, as well as effects of VOCs on ozone photochemical generation and the main controlling factors for ozone production. During the observation period, the average concentrations of ozone and NOx in Wuhan was 22.63 and30.14 ppbv, respectively, and the average concentration of VOCs was 32.61 ppbv(42.3% alkanes,13.0% alkenes, 10.0% aromatics, 7.3% acetylene, 9.9% OVOCs, and 10.5% halohydrocarbons).Ozone concentration was higher in spring and summer as compared with autumn and winter,wheras VOCs and NOx concentratios were lower in spring and summer but higher in autumn and winter. Aromatics and alkenes, two of VOCs species, showed the highest contributions to ozone formation potential in Wuhan(35.7% alkenes, 35.4 aromatics, 17.5% alkanes, 8.6% OVOCs,1.6% halogenated hydrocarbons, and 1.4% acetylene). Among all VOCs species, those with the highest contribution were ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, propylene and o-xylene. The contribution of these five compounds to the total ozone formation potential concentration was 43.90%.Ozone-controlling factors in Wuhan changed within one day; during the early morning hours(6:00–9:00), VOCs/NOx was low, and ozone generation followed a VOCs-limited regime.However, during the peak time of ozone concentration(12:00–16:00), the ratio of VOCs/NOx was relatively high, suggesting that ozone generation followed a NOx-limited regime. | Yichang Yang Xingang Liu Jun Zheng Qinwen Tan Miao Feng Yu Qu Junling An Nianliang Cheng | 2019 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2019，31，5： | 26 |
| 6 | Prognostic value of clinical and pathological factors for surgically treated localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma显示文摘 | Teng Jingfei Gao Yi Chen Ming Wang Kai Cui Xingang Liu Yushan Xu Danfeng | 2014 | Chinese Medical Journal2014，，9： | 23 |
| 7 | Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing显示文摘A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < 10 km and RH(relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing. | Tingting Han Xingang Liu Yuanhang Zhang Yu Qu Limin Zeng Min Hu Tong Zhu | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，5： | 22 |
| 8 | Radiative entransy flux in enclosures with non-isothermal or non-grey,opaque,diffuse surfaces and its application显示文摘The spectral radiative entransy flux and the total radiative entransy flux are defined for the steady radiative heat transfer processes in enclosures composed of non-isothermal or non-grey,opaque,diffuse surfaces.Based on the definitions,the radiative entransy flux balance equation and the radiative entransy dissipation functions are introduced under spectral and total wavelength condition.Furthermore,the minimum principle of radiative entransy loss,the extreme principle of radiative entransy dissipation and the minimum principle of radiative thermal resistance are developed.The minimum principle of radiative entransy loss shows that the potential and the net radiative heat flux distribution which meet the control equations and the boundary conditions would make the radiative entransy loss minimum if the net radiative heat flux or the potential distribution of the radiative heat transfer system is given.The extreme principle of radiative entransy dissipation indicates that the minimum radiative entransy dissipation leads to the minimum average potential difference for the prescribed total radiative heat exchange and the maximum radiative entransy dissipation leads to the maximum radiative heat exchange for the prescribed average potential difference.Moreover,the minimum principle of radiative thermal resistance tells us that the aforementioned extreme values of radiative entransy dissipation both correspond to the minimum value of radiative thermal resistance.Application examples are given for the extreme principle of spectral radiative entransy dissipation and the minimum principle of spectral radiative thermal resistance,and the principles are proved to be applicable. | CHENG XueTao XU XiangHua LIANG XinGang | 2011 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2011，54，9： | 20 |
| 9 | Application of entransy to optimization design of parallel thermal network of thermal control system in spacecraft显示文摘For distribution optimization of the flow rate of cold fluid and heat transfer area in the parallel thermal network of the thermal control system in spacecraft,a physical and mathematical model is set up,analyzed and discussed with the entransy theory.It is found that the optimization objective of this problem and the optimization direction of the extremum entransy dissipation principle are consistent in theory.For a two-branch thermal network system,the distributions of the flow rate of the cold fluid and the heat transfer area are optimized by calculating the extremum entransy dissipation with the Newton method.The influential factors of the optimized distributions are also analyzed and discussed.The results show that the main influence factors are the heat transfer rate of the branches and the total heat transfer area.The total flow rate of the cold fluid has a threshold,beyond which further increasing its value brings very little influence on the optimization results.Moreover,the difference between the extremum entransy dissipation principle and the minimum entropy generation principle is also discussed when they are used to analyze the problem in this paper,and the extremum entransy dissipation principle is found to be more suitable.In addition,the Newton method is mathematically efficient to solve the problem,which could accomplish the optimized distribution in a very short time for a ten-branch thermal network system. | CHENG XueTao XU XiangHua LIANG XinGang | 2011 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2011，54，4： | 19 |
| 10 | Optimization of heat transfer and heat-work conversion based on generalized heat transfer law显示文摘Examples of heat transfer and heat-work conversion are optimized with entropy generation and entransy loss,respectively based on the generalized heat transfer law in this paper.The applicability of entropy generation and entransy loss evaluation in these optimization problems is analyzed and discussed.The results show that the entransy loss rate reduces to the entransy dissipation rate in heat transfer processes,and that the entransy loss evaluation is effective for heat transfer optimization.However,the maximum heat transfer rate does not correspond to the minimum entropy generation rate with prescribed heat transfer temperature difference,which indicates that the entropy generation minimization is not always appropriate to heat transfer optimization.For heat-work conversion processes,the maximum entransy loss rate and the minimum entropy generation rate both correspond to the maximum output power,and they are both appropriate to the optimization of the heat-work conversion processes discussed in this paper. | CHENG XueTao WANG WenHua LIANG XinGang | 2012 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2012，55，10： | 19 |
| 11 | Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China显示文摘Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m^3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons. | Kang Sun Xingang Liu Jianwei Gu Yunpeng Li Yu Qu Junling An Jingli Wang Yuanhang Zhang Min Hu Fang Zhang | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，6： | 19 |
| 12 | Entransy analysis of open thermodynamic systems显示文摘The concept of entransy developed in recent years can describe the heat transport ability.This paper extends this concept to the open thermodynamic system and defines the concept of enthalpy entransy.The entransy balance equation of steady open thermodynamic systems,as well as the concept of entransy loss,is developed.The entransy balance equation is applied to analyzing and discussing the air standard cycle.It is found that the entransy loss rate can describe the change in net power output from the cycle but the entropy generation rate cannot when the heat absorbed by the working medium is from the combustion reaction of the gas fuel.When the working medium is heated by a high temperature stream,both the maximum entransy loss rate and the minimum entropy generation rate correspond to the maximum net power output from the cycle.Hence,the concept of entransy loss is an appropriate figure of merit that describes the cycle performance. | CHENG XueTao WANG WenHua LIANG XinGang | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，22： | 16 |
| 13 | Chemical and optical properties of aerosols and their interrelationship in winter in the megacity Shanghai of China显示文摘A field campaign on air quality was carried out in Shanghai in winter of 2012. The concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, and PM2.5increased during haze formation. The average masses of SO42-, NO3-and NH4+were 10.3, 11.7 and 6.7 μg/m3 during the haze episodes, which exceeded the average(9.2, 7.9, and 3.4 μg/m3) of these components in the non-haze days. The mean values for the aerosol scattering coefficient(b sp), aerosol absorption coefficient(b ap) and single scattering albedo(SSA) were 288.7, 27.7 and0.91 Mm-1, respectively. A bi-peak distribution was observed for the mass concentrations of CO, NO, NO2, and NOx. More sulfate was produced during daytime than that in the evening due to photochemical reactions. The mass concentration of NH4+achieved a small peak at noontime. NO3-showed lower concentrations in the afternoon and higher concentrations in the early morning. There were obvious bi-peak diurnal patterns for b sp and b ap as well as SSA. b sp and b ap showed a positive correlation with PM2.5mass concentration.(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, organic mass, elemental carbon and coarse mass accounted for 21.7%, 19.3%, 31.0%, 9.3% and 12.3% of the total extinction coefficient during non-haze days, and 25.6%, 24.3%, 30.1%, 8.1% and 8.2% during hazy days. Organic matter was the largest contributor to light extinction. The contribution proportions of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to light extinction were significantly higher during the hazy time than during the non-haze days. | Tingting Han Liping Qiao Min Zhou Yu Qu Jianfei Du Xingang Liu Shengrong Lou Changhong Chen Hongli Wang Fang Zhang Qing Yu Qiong Wu | 2015 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2015，27，1： | 14 |
| 14 | Work entransy and its applications显示文摘The entransy theory has been applied to the analyses of heat-work conversion systems. The physical meaning and the applications of work entransy are analyzed and discussed in this paper. Work entransy, which is clarified to be a process dependent quantity, is not the entransy of work, but the system entransy change accompanying work transfer. The relationship between the work entransy and the output work is set up. When the application preconditions are satisfied, larger work entransy leads to larger output work. Entransy loss, which was proposed and applied to heat work conversion processes with irreversible heat transfer, is the net entransy flow into the system and the summation of work entransy and entransy dissipation. The application preconditions of entransy loss are also discussed. | CHENG XueTao LIANG XinGang | 2015 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2015，58，12： | 14 |
| 15 | Ductile deformation within Upper Himalaya Crystalline Sequence and geological implications,in Nyalam area,Southern Tibet显示文摘The South Tibet Detachment System(STDS) is a flat normal fault that separates the Upper Himalaya Crystalline Sequence(UHCS) below from the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence(TSS) above.Timing of deformations related to the STDS is critical to understand the mechanism and evolution of the Himalaya collision zone.The Nyalam detachment(ND)(~86°E) locates in the middle portion of STDS(81°-89°E).Dating of deformed leucocratic dykes that are most probably syntectonic at different depth beneath the ND,allow us to constrain the timing of deformation.(1) Dyke T11N37 located ~3500 m structurally below the ND emplaced at 27.4± 0.2 Ma;(2) Dyke T11N32 located ~1400 m structurally below the ND emplaced at 22.0±0.3 Ma;(3) T11N25 located within the top to the north STD shear zone,~150 m structurally below the ND,emplaced at 17.1±0.2 Ma.Combining ND footwall cooling history and T11N25 deformation temperature,we indicate a probable onset of top to the north deformation at ~16 Ma at this location.These results show an upward younging of the probable timing of onset of the deformation at different structural distance below the ND.We then propose a new model for deformation migration below the ND with deformation starting by pure shear deformation at depth prior to ~27.5 Ma that migrates upward at a rate of ~ 0.3 mm/a until ~18 Ma when deformation switches to top to the north shearing in the South Tibet Detachment shear zone(STDsz).As deformation on the ND stops at 14-13 Ma this would imply that significant top to the North motion would be limited to less than 5 Ma and would jeopardize the importance of lower channel flow. | LIU XiaoBing LIU XiaoHan LELOUP P.H. MAHEO G. PAQUETTE J.L. ZHANG XinGang ZHOU XueJun | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，26： | 14 |
| 16 | Identification of green tea origins by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and different regression tools显示文摘In this study,near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy was applied to efficiently and non-destructively identify Shandong green tea origins coupled with three different regression tools.Analysis results indicated that partial least squares(PLS) had better performance than back propagation artificial neural network(BP-ANN) and support vector machine(SVM).For PLS,the accuracies of identification were up to 100% for both training and testing.The results sufficiently demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy can be efficiently utilized for the non-destructive identification of green tea origins. | ZHUANG XinGang WANG LiLi CHEN Qi WU XueYuan FANG JiaXiong | 2017 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2017，60，1： | 13 |
| 17 | Discussion on the extensions of the entransy theory显示文摘In this paper,the preconditions forthe extensions of the entransy theory are summarized and discussed.As the physical meaning | CHENG XueTao ZHAO JianMing LIANG XinGang | 2017 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2017，60，3： | 13 |
| 18 | Theoretical analyses of the performance of a concentrating photovoltaic/thermal solar system with a mathematical and physical model, entropy generation minimization and entransy theory显示文摘In this paper, the performance of a concentrating photovoltaic/thermal solar system is numerically analyzed with a mathematical and physical model. The variations of the electrical efficiency and the thermal efficiency with the operation parameters are calculated. It is found that the electrical efficiency increases at first and then decreases with increasing concentration ratio of the sunlight, while the thermal efficiency acts in an opposite manner. When the velocity of the cooling water increases, the electrical efficiency increases. Considering the solar system, the surface of the sun, the atmosphere and the environment, we can get a coupled energy system, which is analyzed with the entropy generation minimization and the entransy theory. This is the first time that the entransy theory is used to analyze photovoltaic/thermal solar system. When the concentration ratio is fixed, it is found that both the minimum entropy generation rate and the maximum entransy loss rate lead to the maximum electrical output power,while both the minimum entropy generation numbers and the maximum entransy loss coefficient lead to the maximum electrical efficiency. When the concentrated sunlight is not fixed, it is shown that neither smaller entropy generation rate nor larger entransy loss rate corresponds to larger electrical output power. Smaller entropy generation numbers do not result in larger electrical efficiency, either. However, larger entransy loss coefficient still corresponds to larger electrical efficiency. | CHENG XueTao XU XiangHua LIANG XinGang | 2018 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2018，61，6： | 13 |
| 19 | COVID-19 Super Spreading Event Amongst Elderly Individuals—Jilin Province,China,January 2021显示文摘Summary What is already known on this topic?Clusters of COVID-19 cases often happened in small settings(e.g.,families,offices,school,or workplaces)that facilitate person-to-person virus transmission,especially from a common exposure.What is added by this report?On January 10 and 11,2021,an individual gave three product promotional lectures in Tonghua City. | Laishun Yao Mingyu Luo Tiewu Jia Xingang Zhang Zhulin Hou Feng Gao Xin Wang Xiaogang Wu Weihua Cheng Guoqian Li Jing Lu Bing Zhao Tao Li Enfu Chen Dapeng Yin Biao Huang | 2021 | China CDC weekly2021，3，10： | 13 |
| 20 | Effects of NO_x and VOCs from Five Emission Sources on Summer Surface O_3 over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region显示文摘The impacts of emissions from industry, power plant, transportation, residential, and biogenic sources on daily maximum surface ozone(O3DM) over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei(BTH) region in North China in the summer of 2007 were examined in a modeling study. The modeling system consisted of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and the photochemical dispersion model, CAMx. The factor separation technique(FST) was used to quantify the effect of individual emission source types and the synergistic interactions among two or more types. Additionally, the effectiveness of emission reduction scenarios was explored. The industry, power plant, and transportation emission source types were found to be the most important in terms of their individual effects on O3DM. The key contributor to high surface O3was power plant emissions, with a peak individual effect of 40 ppbv in the southwestern BTH area. The individual effect from the biogenic emission category was quite low. The synergistic effects from the combinations of each pair of anthropogenic emission types suppressed O3formation, while the synergistic effects for combinations of three were favorable for O3formation when the industrial and power plant emission source types coexisted. The quadruple synergistic effects were positive only with the combination of power plant, transportation, residential, and biogenic sources, while the quintuple synergistic effect showed only minor impacts on O3DMconcentrations. A 30% reduction in industrial and transportation sources produced the most effective impacts on O3concentrations, with a maximum decrease of 20 ppbv. These results suggested that the synergistic impacts among emission source types should be considered when formulating emission control strategies for O3reduction. | QU Yu AN Junling LI Jian CHEN Yong LI Ying LIU Xingang HU Min | 2014 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2014，31，4： | 13 |
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