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| 1 | China Stroke Statistics 2019:A Report From the National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Neurological Diseases,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases,the Chinese Stroke Association,National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Institute for Global Neuroscience and Stroke Collaborations显示文摘China faces the greatest challenge from stroke in the world.The death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in China was 149.49 per 100000,accounting for 1.57 million deaths in 2018.It ranked third among the leading causes of death behind malignant tumours and heart disease.The age-standardised prevalence and incidence of stroke in 2013 were 1114.8 per 100000 population and 246.8 per 100000 person-years,respectively.According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,the years of life lost(YLLs)per 100000 population for stroke increased by 14.6%;YLLs due to stroke rose from third highest among all causes in 1990 to the highest in 2017.The absolute numbers and rates per 100000 population for all-age disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for stroke increased substantially between 1990 and 2017,and stroke was the leading cause of all-age DALYs in 2017.The main contributors to cerebrovascular diseases include behavioural risk factors(smoking and alcohol use)and pre-existing conditions(hypertension,diabetes mellitus,dyslipidaemia and atrial fibrillation(AF)).The most prevalent risk factors among stroke survivors were hypertension(63.0%-84.2%)and smoking(31.7%-47.6%).The least prevalent was AF(2.7%-7.4%).The prevalences for major risk factors for stroke are high and most have increased over time.Based on the latest national epidemiological data,26.6%of adults aged≥15 years(307.6 million adults)smoked tobacco products.For those aged≥18 years,age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 25.2%;adjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia was 5.8%;and the standardised prevalence of diabetes was 10.9%.For those aged≥40 years,the standardised prevalence of AF was 2.31%.Data from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System showed that 3010204 inpatients with stroke were admitted to 1853 tertiary care hospitals during 2018.Of those,2466785(81.9%)were ischaemic strokes(ISs);447609(14.9%)were intracerebral haemorrhages(ICHs);and 95810(3.2%)were subarachnoid haemorrhages(SAHs).The average age of patients admitted was 66 years old,and nearly 60%were male.A total of 1555(0.1%),2774(0.6%)and 1347(1.4%)paediatric strokes(age<18 years)were identified among IS,ICH and SAH,respectively.Over one-third(1063892(35.3%))of the patients were covered by urban resident basic medical insurance,followed by urban employee basic medical insurance(699513(23.2%))and new rural cooperative medical schema(489361(16.3%)).The leading risk factor was hypertension(67.4%for IS,77.2%for ICH and 49.1%for SAH),and the leading comorbidity was pneumonia or pulmonary infection(10.1%for IS,31.4%for ICH and 25.2%for SAH).In-hospital death/discharge against medical advice rate was 8.3%for stroke inpatients,ranging from 5.8%for IS to 19.5%for ICH.The median and IQR of length of stay was 10.0(7.0-14.0)days,ranging from 10.0(7.0-13.0)in IS to 14.0(8.0-22.0)in SAH.Data from the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance demonstrated that the composite scores of guideline-recommended key performance indicators for patients with IS,ICH and SAH were 0.77±0.21,0.72±0.28 and 0.59±0.32,respectively. | Yong-Jun Wang Zi-Xiao Li Hong-Qiu Gu Yi Zhai Yong Jiang Xing-Quan Zhao Yi-Long Wang Xin Yang Chun-Juan Wang Xia Meng Hao Li Li-Ping Liu Jing Jing Jing Wu An-Ding Xu Qiang Dong David Wang Ji-Zong Zhao On behalf of China Stroke Statistics 2019 Writing Committee | 2020 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020，5，3： | 181 |
| 2 | Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders:executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of stroke rehabilitation显示文摘Stroke is the third leading cause of long-term disability.Effective stroke rehabilitation should be provided to patients with a moderate or severe stroke so as to achieve functional recovery.Also,stroke rehabilitation is moving towards more intense therapy models that incorporate technologies such as robotics and computer games.Evidence-based guidelines are useful for promoting the best possible clinical practices.This guideline summarises the modes of stroke rehabilitation in China-three-stage rehabilitation network,rehabilitation of stroke dysfunction,training for activities of daily living,stroke complications and rehabilitation care.The aim of this guideline was to provide a synopsis of best clinical practices in the stroke rehabilitation of adult patients in China. | Tong Zhang Jun Zhao Xueping Li Yulong Bai Baojun Wang Yun Qu Bingjie Li Shengjie Zhao Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council Guideline Writing Committee | 2020 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020，5，3： | 38 |
| 3 | Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of clinical management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis显示文摘Aim Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST)is a less common cerebrovascular disease that predominantly affects young patients.The incidence of CVST is 2-5/10000000/year,accounting for 0.5%-1%of all stroke.To reduce mortality and morbidity associated with CVST,Chinese Stroke Association commissioned the authors to write the current guideline on the management of CVST.Methods PubMed(MEDLINE),CNKI and Wanfang database were searched for studies related to CVST from 1 January 1990 to 31 July 2019.Data were synthesised by evidence tables.Each recommendation was fully discussed by the writing group members and reviewed by Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Fellow Committees.Levels of evidence grading algorithm of Chinese Stroke Association was used to grade each recommendation.results This guideline mainly focuses on the diagnostic evaluation,therapeutic strategies and secondary prevention of CVST.CT/CTV and MRI/MRV are recommended in the initial imaging evaluation of patients with suspected CVST.Anticoagulation therapy with low-molecular weight heparin should be initiated in patients with CVST immediately.After the acute stage,warfarin is recommended for 3-6 months to prevent the recurrence of CVST and other venous thromboembolic events.Conclusions The guideline summarises the current evidence regarding the management of CVST,and provides references for diagnosis,treatment and secondary prevention of CVST in China. | Yuhua Fan Jian Yu Hongbing Chen Jian Zhang Jiangang Duan Dapeng Mo Wenhao Zhu Bo Wang Fubing Ouyang Yicong Chen Linfang Lan Jinsheng Zeng Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council CVST Guideline Writing Committee | 2020 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020，5，2： | 14 |
| 4 | Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders:executive summary and 2019 update of the management of high-risk population显示文摘Aim Cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in China,causing a huge burden among patients and their families.Hence,stroke prevention is critical,especially in the high-risk population.Here,we present the evidence-based guideline suitable for the Chinese population.Methods Literature search of PubMed and Cochrane library(from January 1964 to June 2019)was done.After thorough discussion among the writing group members,recommendations were listed and summarised.This guideline was reviewed and discussed by the fellow writing committees of the Chinese Stroke Association’s Stroke.Results This evidence-based guideline was written in three parts:controlling the risk factors of stroke,utilisation of antiplatelet agents and assessing the risks of first-ever stroke.All recommendations were listed along with the recommending classes and levels of evidence.Conclusions This guideline provides recommendations for primary prevention of cerebrovascular disease among high-risk population in China.Controlling related risk factors,appropriately using antiplatelet agents,assessing the risk of developing first-ever stroke should help reduce the rate of cerebrovascular disease in China. | Yilong Wang Shangrong Han Haiqiang Qin Huaguang Zheng Bin Jiang Yong Cao Yuan Gao Ling Guan Qian Jia Yong Jiang Yuming Jiao Shuya Li Yapeng Li Zixiao Li Wei Liu Xiaojuan Ru Dongling Sun Haixin Sun Penglian Wang Tingting Wang Lixia Zong Lei Guo Xuewei Xie Yuming Xu Yuyuan Xu Xiaomeng Yang Yingying Yang Mengyuan Zhou Wenzhi Wang Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council Guideline Writing Committee | 2020 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020，5，3： | 11 |
| 5 | Interpretation of Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2019显示文摘The Chinese edition of Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2019 have been published[1],and we present herein an interpretation of the report.Influencing factors on cardiovascular health Tobacco use The smoking prevalence among Chinese residents has shown a downward trend.According to the Chinese Adult Tobacco Survey in 2018,the current smoking prevalence among Chinese residents≥15years of age was 26.6%,which was higher in rural areas(28.9%)than in urban areas(25.1%),and the daily consumption by each smoker was 16.0 cigarettes on average. | The Writing Committee of the Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China Zengwu Wang Shengshou Hu | 2021 | Cardiology Discovery2021，1，4： | 7 |
| 6 | Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders:executive summary and 2019 update on organizational stroke management显示文摘Aim Stroke is characterised by high morbidity,mortality and disability,which seriously affects the health and safety of the people.Stroke has become a serious public health problem in China.Organisational stroke management can significantly reduce the mortality and disability rates of patients with stroke.We provide this evidence-based guideline to present current and comprehensive recommendations for organisational stroke management.Methods A formal literature search of MEDLINE(1 January 1997 through 30 September 2019)was performed.Data were synthesised with the use of evidence tables.Writing group members met by teleconference to discuss data-derived recommendations.The Chinese Stroke Association’s Levels of Evidence grading algorithm was used to grade each recommendation.results Evidence-based guidelines are presented for the organisational management of patients presenting with stroke.The focus of the guideline was subdivided into prehospital first aid system of stroke,rapid diagnosis and treatment of emergency in stroke centre,organisational management of stroke unit and stroke clinic,construction of regional collaborative network among stroke centres and evaluation and continuous improvement of stroke medical quality.Conclusions The guidelines offer an organisational stroke management model for patients with stroke which might help dramatically. | Min Lou Jing Ding Bo Hu Yusheng Zhang Hao Li ZeFeng Tan Yan Wan An-Ding Xu Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council Guideline Writing Committee | 2020 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020，5，3： | 7 |
| 7 | Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2021: an updated summary显示文摘In 2019,cardiovascular disease(CVD)accounted for 46.74%and 44.26%of all deaths in rural and urban areas,respectively.Two out of every five deaths were attributed to CVD.It is estimated that approximately 330 million individuals in China are affected by CVD.Among them,there are 13 million cases of stroke,11.4 million cases of coronary heart disease,5 million cases of pulmonary heart disease,8.9 million cases of heart failure,4.9 million cases of atrial fibrillation,2.5 million cases of rheumatic heart disease,2 million cases of congenital heart disease,45.3 million cases of lower extremity artery disease,and 245 million cases of hypertension.With the dual challenges of population aging and a steady increase in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors,the burden of CVD in China is expected to continue rising.Consequently,new demands arise for CVD prevention,treatment,and the allocation of medical resources.Emphasizing primary prevention to reduce disease prevalence,increasing the allocation of medical resources for CVD emergency and critical care,and providing rehabilitation services and secondary prevention to reduce the risk of recurrence,rehospitalization,and disability among CVD survivors are of paramount importance.Hypertension,dyslipidemia,and diabetes affect millions of individuals in China.Since blood pressure,blood lipids,and blood sugar levels often rise insidiously,vascular disease and serious events such as myocardial infarction and stroke occur by the time they are detected in this population.Therefore,it is crucial to implement strategies and measures to prevent risk factors such as hypertension,dyslipidemia,diabetes,obesity,and smoking.Furthermore,greater efforts should be directed towards assessing cardiovascular health status and conducting research on early pathological changes to enhance prevention,treatment,and understanding of CVD. | The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China Sheng-Shou HU | 2023 | Journal of Geriatric Cardiology2023，20，6： | 5 |
| 8 | Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2022:an Updated Summary显示文摘In the past 30 years,the accessibility and quality index of medical care have made remarkable progress in China,ranking the first among middle-income countries.Many cardiovascular technologies are at or near the world's leading level,and significant progress has been achieved in China solving the problem of“treatment difficulty”of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).However,due to the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles among Chinese residents,a huge population with CVD risk factors,accelerated population aging,and other reasons,the incidence and mortality rate of CVD are still increasing,and the turning point of the decline in disease burden has not appeared yet in China.In terms of proportions of disease mortality among urban and rural residents,CVD still ranks the first.In 2020,CVD accounted for 48.00%and 45.86%of the causes of death in rural and urban areas,respectively;two out of every five deaths were due to CVD.It is estimated that the number of current CVD patients in China is around 330 million,including 13 million stroke,11.39 million coronary heart disease,8.9 million heart failure,5 million pulmonary heart disease,4.87 million atrial fibrillation,2.5 million rheumatic heart disease,2 million congenital heart disease,45.3 million peripheral artery disease,and 245 million hypertension cases.China has entered a new stage of transformation from high-speed development to high-quality development,and the prevention and control of CVD in China should also shift from previous emphasis on scale growth to strategies focusing more on strategic and key technological development in order to curb the trend of increasing incidence and mortality rates of CVD. | The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China | 2023 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences2023，36，8： | 4 |
| 9 | Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis of cardiogenic stroke(2019)显示文摘Cardioembolic stroke(CES),also known as cardiogenic stroke,refers to a clinical syndrome caused by a cardiogenic embolus from the heart,leading to cerebral artery embolism through circulation,and it consequently results in corresponding brain dysfunction.CES is associated with greater severity,poor outcomes,and a relatively high recurrence rate,compared with other subtypes of ischemic stroke. | Guang-Zhi Liu Rong Hu Dan-Tao Peng Geriatric Neurology Grop,Geriatric Branch of Chinese Medical Association Writing Group of Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis of cardiogenic stroke | 2021 | Chinese Medical Journal2021，，5： | 3 |
| 10 | 董必武与中国人民银行的创建和人民币的发行——《董必武传》节选显示文摘今年3月5日,是中国共产党和中华人民共和国的创始人和缔造者之一,伟大的马克思主义政治家、法学家,新中国人民民主与法制建设的主要奠基人董必武同志诞辰120周年。为纪念这位伟人,我们从中央文献出版社出版的《董必武传》中选取了一章转载于此,以飨读者。 | Writing Group of Biography of Dong Biwu | 2006 | 当代中国史研究2006，13，2： | 2 |
| 11 | Clinical guideline on topical growth factors for skin wounds显示文摘An increased number of patients with skin wounds have been witnessed in the past decades.Among the various kinds of treatments for skin wounds,topical exogenous growth factors are indispensable and have been used in many countries.However,whether they have reliable effects remains controversial,and their application for skin wound treatment needs to be further standardized and optimized in terms of socio-economic considerations.Thus,the Chinese Burn Association developed this guideline indicating efficacy,application details,adverse reactions and precautions of five clinically common topical growth factors using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation method to promote the rational application of topical exogenous growth factors in skin wounds and to benefit more patients. | Chun-mao Han Biao Cheng PanWu writing group of growth factor guideline on behalf of Chinese Burn Association | 2020 | Burns & Trauma2020，8，1： | 2 |
| 12 | Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008显示文摘 | European Stroke Organisarion (ESO) Executive Committee ESO Writing Committee | | Cerebrovascular Diseases0，，： | 2 |
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| 14 | Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update:a report from the American Heart Association显示文摘 | WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Lloyd-Jones D Adams R J | 2010 | Circulation2010，121，7： | 1 |
| 15 | Frequent downregulation of KAI1/CD82 metastasis suppressor protein in human cancer cell lines 显示文摘 | Write A Lamb PW Barrett JC | 1998 | Oncogene1998，16，24： | 1 |
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