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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Growth of thick chemical solution derived pyrochlore La 2 Zr 2 O 7 buffer layers for YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7? x coated conductors显示文摘 | K. Knoth R. Hühne S. Oswald L. Molina O. Eibl L. Schultz B. Holzapfel | 2007 | Thin Solid Films2007，，8： | 3 |
| 3 | The Tsimmis Approach to Mediation:Data Models and Languages显示文摘 | Molina H G | 1997 | Journal of Intelligent Information Systems1997，8，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Nitrogen leaching and denitrification in continuous corn as related to residue management and nitrogen fertilization显示文摘 | GOLLANY H T MOLINA J A CLAPP C E | 2004 | Environmental Management2004，33，： | 1 |
| 5 | Aberrant methylation of secreted frizzled-related protein genes in esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus 显示文摘 | Zou H Molina JR Harrington JJ | 2005 | Int J Cancer2005，116，4： | 1 |
| 6 | The murine complement regulator Crry: new insights into the immunobiology of complement regulation显示文摘 | Molina H | 2002 | Cell Mol Life Sci2002，59，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Complement component 3 is required for optimal expansion of CD8 T cells during a systemic viral infection 显示文摘 | Suresh M Molina H Salvato MS et ol | 2003 | J Immunol2003，170，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Molecular evidence supports the separation of Lentinula edodes from Lentinus and related genera显示文摘 | Molina FI Shen P Jong S H | 1992 | Can J Bot1992，，70： | 1 |
| 9 | Complement regulation during pregnancy 显示文摘 | Molina H | 2005 | Immunol Res2005，32，13： | 1 |
| 10 | Phosphoproteomic analysis of Her2/neu signaling and inhibition显示文摘 | Bose R Molina H Patterson AS | 2006 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2006，103，： | 1 |
| 11 | Aggressive peri- odontitis diagnosed during or before orthodontic treatment 显示文摘 | Hazan - Molina H Levin L Einy S | 2013 | Aeta Odontol Scand2013，71，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Multiscale edge detection based on Gaussian smoothing and edge tracking 显示文摘 | Lopez - Molina C De Baets B Bustince H | 2013 | Knowledge - Based Systems2013，44，： | 1 |
| 13 | Enterprise integration and interoperability in manufacturing systems:trends and issues显示文摘 | Panetto H Molina A | 2008 | Computers in Industry2008，59，7： | 1 |
| 14 | Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: Process options and economics显示文摘 | Molina Grima E Belarbi E H Aci6n Fernandez F G | 2003 | BiotechnologyAdvances2003，20，78： | 1 |
| 15 | Platelet function assays in strokemanagement: more study is needed显示文摘 | SELIM M H MOLINA C A | 2010 | Stroke2010，41，10： | 1 |
| 16 | Systemic acquired resistance显示文摘 | RYALS J A NEUENSCHWANDER U H WILLITS M G MOLINA A STEINER H-Y HUNT M D | 1996 | The Plant Cell1996，8，： | 1 |
| 17 | SELENA, An open-source tool for seismic risk and loss assessment using a logic tree computation procedure 显示文摘 | Molina S Lang D H Lindholm C D | 2010 | Comput Geosci2010，36，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Enterprise integration and interoperability in manufacturing systems: Trends and issues显示文摘 | PANETTO H MOLINA A | 2008 | Computers in Industry2008，59，7： | 1 |
| 19 | Platelet function assays in stroke management:more study is needed显示文摘 | SELIM M H MOLINA C A | 2010 | Stroke2010，41，10： | 1 |
| 20 | A proteomic analysis of human hemodialysis fluid显示文摘 | Molina H Bunkenborg J Reddy GH | 2005 | Mol Cell Proteomics2005，4，5： | 1 |
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