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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | Raising awareness of elder abuse in the community practice setting显示文摘 | McG arry J Simpson C | 2009 | Br J Community Nurs2009，14，7： | 1 |
| 3 | A Case for Competitive Intelligence显示文摘 | John J McG onagle Carolyn M Vella | 2002 | Information Management Journal2002，，4： | 1 |
| 4 | Measuring individual differences in Implicit cognition:The implicit association test显示文摘 | Greenwald A G McG hee D E Schwartz J L K | 1998 | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology1998，74，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination显示文摘 | McG Harden R Stevenson M Wilson Downie W | 1975 | British Medical Journal1975，，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Simulating fire whirls 显示文摘 | FRANCINE B KEVIN B McG RONALD G R HOWARD R B | 2000 | Combustion Theory and Modeling2000，，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Dendritic cells the tumor microenvironment and the challenges for an effective antitumor vaccination显示文摘 | Benencia F Sprague L McG inty J | 2012 | J Biomed Biotechnol2012，，12： | 1 |
| 8 | Condom use promotes regression of cervical intraepithellal neoplasia and clearance of human papilloma virus:A randomized clinical trial显示文摘 | Hogewoning CJA Bleeker MCG Van den Bmle AJC | 2003 | International Journal of Cancer2003，107，5： | 1 |
| 9 | Prevalence of dysglycemia among coronary artery bypass surgery patients with no previous diabetic history显示文摘 | McG inn JT Jr Shariff MA Bhat TM | 2011 | J Cardiothorac Surg2011，6，： | 1 |
| 10 | Strength and structure under hot - working conditions 显示文摘 | JONAS J J SELLSRS C M McG W J | 1969 | Int Metal Reviews1969，3，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Strength and structure under hot working conditions显示文摘 | Jonas J Sellars Mcg W J | | 0，，130： | 1 |
| 12 | Neonatal tumors 显示文摘 | Stevens MCG | 1988 | Arch Dis Child1988，63，： | 1 |
| 13 | The position and topography of the apical can constrict ion and apical foramen显示文摘 | Dummer PM McG inn JH Rees DG | 1984 | lnt Endod J1984，174，： | 1 |
| 14 | Analysis of complex flow and the relationship between blood pressure, wall 显示文摘 | Augst A D Ariff B McG Thorn S A | 2007 | Physiol Heart Circ Physiol2007，293，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Menin determines K-RAS proliferative outputs in endocrine cells显示文摘 | Chamberlain C E Scheel D W McG lynn K | 2014 | J Clin Invest2014，124，9： | 1 |
| 16 | Strength and struc- ture under hot working conditions 显示文摘 | Jonas J J Sellars C M Tegart W J McG | 1969 | International Materi- alsReviews1969，14，： | 1 |
| 17 | Diagnostic measures for sarcopenia and bone mineral density 显示文摘 | Bjilsma AY Meskers MCG Molendijk M | 2013 | Os-teoporos Int2013，24，： | 1 |
| 18 | On the Mechanism of Hot Deformation 显示文摘 | SELLARS C M TEGART W J MCG | 1996 | Acta Metallutica1996，14，9： | 1 |
| 19 | La Relation Entre la r6sistance et la Structure Dans la D6formation 6 Chaud显示文摘 | Sellars C M Tegart W J McG | 1966 | Memoires Scientific Rev M6tallurg1966，9，： | 1 |
| 20 | Immune dysregu-lation, polyendocrinopathy, en teropathy, X-linked syndrome(IPEX) associated with pemphigoid nodularis: a case report andreview of the literature 显示文摘 | McG inness JL Bivens MM Greer KE | 2006 | J Am Acad Dermatol2006，55，1： | 1 |
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