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| 1 | State-of-the-Art management of knee osteoarthritis显示文摘Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common type of arthritis found in the United States' population and is also the most common disease of joints in adults throughout the world with the knee being the most frequently affected of all joints. As the United States' population ages along with the increasing trends in obesity prevalence in other parts of the world, it is expected that the burden of OA on the population, healthcare system, and overall economy will continue to increase in the future without making major improvements in managing knee OA. Numerous therapies aim to reduce symptoms of knee OA and continued research has helped to further understand the complex pathophysiology of its disease mechanism attempting to uncover new potential targets for the treatment of OA. This review article seeks to evaluate the current practices for managing knee OA and discusses emerging therapies on the horizon. These practices include non-pharmacological treatments such as providing patient education and self-management strategies, advising weight loss, strengthening programs, and addressing biomechanical issues with bracing or foot orthoses. Oral analgesics and anti-inflammatories are pharmacologicals that are commonly used and the literature overall supports that some of these medications can be helpful for managing knee OA in the short-term but are less effective for long-term management. Additionally, more prolonged use significantly increases the risk of serious associated side effects that are not too uncommon. Diseasemodifying osteoarthritis drugs are being researched as a treatment modality to potentially halt or slow disease progression but data at this time is limited and continued studies are being conducted to further investigate their effectiveness. Intra-articular injectables are also implemented to manage knee OA ranging from corticosteroids to hyaluronans to more recently plateletrich plasma and even stem cells while several other injection therapies are presently being studied. The goal of developing new treatment strategies for knee OA is to prolong the need for total knee arthroplasty which should be utilized only if other strategies have failed. High tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are potential alternatives if only a single compartment is involved with more data supporting unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a good treatment option in this scenario. Arthroscopy has been commonly used for many years to treat knee OA to address degenerative articular cartilage and menisci, however, several high-quality studies have shown that it is not a very effective treatment for the majority of cases and should generally not be considered when managing knee OA. Improving the management of knee OA requires a multi-faceted treatment approach along with continuing to broaden our understanding of this complex disease so that therapeutic advancements can continue to be developed with the goal of preventing further disease progression and even potentially reversing the degenerative process. | Kenton H Fibel Howard J Hillstrom Brian C Halpern | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，2： | 19 |
| 2 | phenomena of scintillation noise in radar-tracking system显示文摘 | Dunn J H Howard D D king A M | 1959 | Proceedings of IRE1959，47，5： | 1 |
| 3 | Exacerbation of Acanthamoeba keratitis in animals treated with anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 or antineutrophil antibodies显示文摘 | Hurt M Apte S Leher H Howard K Niederkorn J Alizadeh H | 2001 | Infect Immun2001，69，： | 1 |
| 4 | Multiple antennas in celluar CDMA systems: Transmission, detection, and spectral efficiency 显示文摘 | Howard H Viswanathan H Foshini G J | 2002 | IEEE Trans on Wireless Commu2002，1，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Internal short circuit in Li-ion cells 显示文摘 | Maleki H Howard J N | 2009 | JPower Sources2009，191，： | 1 |
| 6 | Formation of polycyclic arom atic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot: A review of chemical reaction pathways显示文摘 | Richter H Howard J B | 2000 | Progress in Energy and Combustion Science2000，26，46： | 1 |
| 7 | Experimental Investigation of the Steady and Unsteady relative Flow in a Model Centrifugal Impeller Passage显示文摘 | Abramian M Howard J H G | 1994 | ASME Journal of Turbomachinery1994，116，： | 1 |
| 8 | The prevalence of amtibiotic resistance in Haremophilus in fluenzae in wales显示文摘 | HOWARD A J WILLMAS H M | 1988 | Antimicrob Chemother1988，21，： | 1 |
| 9 | Understanding the genes involved in spermatogenesis:a progress report 显示文摘 | Tim H David J | 1998 | Fertil Steril1998，69，： | 1 |
| 10 | Adaptive immune responses to Acanthamoeba cysts显示文摘 | McClellan K Howard K Mayhew E Niederkorn J Alizadeh H | 2002 | Exp Eye Res2002，75，： | 1 |
| 11 | Ziprasidone : a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile显示文摘 | SCHMIDT A W LEBEL L A HOWARD H R J R | 2001 | Eur J Pharmacol2001，425，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Inter-do- main Work-family, Family-work Conflict and Police Work Satisfaction显示文摘 | Howard W G Donofrio H H Boles J S | 2004 | Policing2004，27，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Rapid Devolatilization and Hydrogasification of Bimmlnous Coal 显示文摘 | Anthony D B Howard J B Hottel H C | 1976 | Fuel1976，55，2： | 1 |
| 14 | High-temperature Sealing of Zirconia Ceramics Using Glass-ceramic Bond Materials显示文摘 | Howard P J Pyke S H Wood A | 2000 | Materials Technology2000，15，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Power transmission from a vibrating body to a circular cylindrical shell through active elastic isolators显示文摘 | Howard C Q Pan J Q Hansen C H | 1997 | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America1997，101，： | 1 |
| 16 | Multiple antennas in cellular CDMA systems: Transmission, detection, and spectral efficiency显示文摘 | Howard H V iswanathan H Foshini G J | 2002 | IEEE Trans on Wireless Comm2002，1，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Modeling singlecomponent protein adsorption to the cation exchange s sepharrosee FF显示文摘 | GRAHAM L S BRENDA J H HOWARD A C | 1990 | Journal of Chromatography A1990，498，： | 1 |
| 18 | Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot-A review of chemical reaction pathways显示文摘 | RICHTER H HOWARD J B | 2000 | Progress in Energy and Combustion Science2000，26，456： | 1 |
| 19 | Fish kills linked to a toxic ambushpredator dinoflagellate:distribution and environmental conditions显示文摘 | Burkholder J M Howard B G Jr Cecil W H | 1995 | Mar Ecol Prog Set1995，124，： | 1 |
| 20 | Role of the cathode and anode in heat generation of Li-ion cells as a function of state of charge显示文摘 | Maleki H Howard J N | 2004 | J Power Sources2004，137，1： | 1 |
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