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| 1 | Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus显示文摘To achieve good metabolic control in diabetes and keep long term, a combination of changes in lifestyle and pharmacological treatment is necessary. Achieving near-normal glycated hemoglobin significantly, decreases risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. At present there are different treatments, both oral and injectable, available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Treatment algorithms designed to reduce the development or progression of the complications of diabetes emphasizes the need for good glycaemic control. The aim of this review is to perform an update on the benefits and limitations of different drugs, both current and future, for the treatment of T2 DM. Initial intervention should focus on lifestyle changes. Moreover, changes in lifestyle have proven to be beneficial, but for many patients is a complication keep long term. Physicians should be familiar with the different types of existing drugs for the treatment of diabetes and select the most effective, safe and better tolerated by patients. Metformin remains the first choice of treatment for most patients. Other alternative or second-line treatment options should be individualized depending on the characteristics of each patient. This article reviews the treatments available for patients with T2 DM, with an emphasis on agents introduced within the last decade. | Juan Jose Marin-Penalver Iciar Martin-Timon Cristina Sevillano-Collantes Francisco Javier del Canizo-Gomez | 2016 | World Journal of Diabetes2016，7，17： | 37 |
| 2 | WJD 5^(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2): Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Have all risk factors the same strength?显示文摘Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that occurs when the body cannot produce enough or effectively use of insulin.Compared with individuals without diabetes,patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality,and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease.Most of this excess risk is it associated with an augmented prevalence of well-known risk factors such as hypertension,dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients.However the improved cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients can not be attributed solely to the higher prevalence of traditional risk factors.Therefore other non-traditional risk factors may be important in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Cardiovascular disease is increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects due to a complex combination of various traditional and non-traditional risk factors that have an important role to play in the beginning and the evolution of atherosclerosis over its long natural history from endothelial function to clinical events.Many of these risk factors could be common history for both di-abetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease,reinforcing the postulate that both disorders come independently from'common soil'.The objective of this review is to highlight the weight of traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the setting of type 2 diabetes mellitus and discuss their position in the pathogenesis of the excess cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity in these patients. | Iciar Martín-Timón Cristina Sevillano-Collantes Amparo Segura-Galindo Francisco Javier del Caizo-Gómez | 2014 | World Journal of Diabetes2014，5，4： | 32 |
| 3 | Human NK cells: surface receptors, inhibitory checkpoints, and translational applications显示文摘NK cells play important roles in innate defenses against viruses and in the control of tumor growth and metastasis.The regulation/induction of NK cell function is mediated by an array of activating or inhibitory surface receptors.In humans,major activating receptors involved in target cell killing are the natural cytotoxicity receptors(NCRs)and NKG2D.Activating receptors recognize ligands that are overexpressed or expressed de novo upon cell stress,viral infection,or tumor transformation.The HLA-class I-specific inhibitory receptors,including KIRs recognizing HLA-class I allotypic determinants and CD94/NKG2A recognizing the class-Ib HLA-E,constitute a fail-safe mechanism to avoid unwanted NK-mediated damage to healthy cells.Other receptors such as PD-1,primarily expressed by activated T lymphocytes,are important inhibitory checkpoints of immune responses that ensure T-cell tolerance.PD-1 also may be expressed by NK cells in cancer patients.Since PD-1 ligand(PD-L1)may be expressed by different tumors,PD-1/PD-L1 interactions inactivate both T and NK cells.Thus,the reliable evaluation of PD-L1 expression in tumors has become a major issue to select patients who may benefit from therapy with mAbs disrupting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions.Recently,NKG2A was revealed to be an important checkpoint controlling both NK and T-cell activation.Since most tumors express HLA-E,mAbs targeting NKG2A has been used alone or in combination with other therapeutic mAbs targeting PD-1 or tumor antigens(e.g.,EGFR),with encouraging results.The translational value of NK cells and their receptors is evidenced by the extraordinary therapeutic success of haploidentical HSCT to cure otherwise fatal high-risk leukemias. | Simona Sivori Paola Vacca Genny Del Zotto Enrico Munari Maria Cristina Mingari Lorenzo Moretta | 2019 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2019，16，5： | 33 |
| 4 | 糖尿病血糖正常的探索:控制餐后血糖显示文摘在“首届诺和诺德糖尿病论坛”召开一周年之际 ,诺和诺德公司于 2 0 0 3年 2月 12~ 14日在杭州再次召开了大型全国糖尿病专家研讨会。与会人员涉及全国 30余个省、市及自治区的 4 5 0余位糖尿病专家、医生。 2 0余位国内外专家在此作了精彩的演讲。会议紧紧围绕当今糖尿病研究领域的热点问题 ,尤其是对胰岛 β细胞功能受损在 2型糖尿病发病中的作用机制 ,β细胞功能的评估及检测 ,保护 β细胞功能的措施 ,控制高血糖及外源性胰岛素的使用等方面进行了深入细致的研讨。以下全文刊出了国内外 16位著名专家在此次“论坛”会上的专题报告 ,及“诺和诺德”公司的新产品简介 ,全面报道了本次“论坛”会的内容。 | Stefano Del Prato | 2003 | 国外医学(内分泌学分册)2003，23，3： | 34 |
| 5 | Comparative review of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty显示文摘The aim of this review is to compare the effectiveness of percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty to treat pain and improve functional outcome from ver-tebral fractures secondary to osteoporosis and tumor conditions. In 2009, two open randomized controlled trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine questioned the value of vertebroplasty in treating ver-tebral compression fractures. Nevertheless, the prac-tice of physicians treating these conditions has barely changed. The objective of this review is to try to clarify the most important issues, based on our own experi-ence and the reported evidence about both techniques, and to guide towards the most appropriate choice of treatment of vertebral fractures, although many ques-tions still remain unanswered. | Ferno Ruiz Santiago Alicia Santiago Chinchilla Luis Guzmán álvarez Antonio Luis Pérez Abela Maria del Mar Castellano García Miguel Pajares López | 2014 | World Journal of Radiology2014，6，6： | 30 |
| 6 | Role of inflammatory response in liver diseases: Therapeutic strategies显示文摘Inflammation and tumorigenesis are tightly linked pathways impacting cancer development. Inflammasomes are key signalling platforms that detect pathogenic microorganisms, including hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection, and sterile stressors(oxidative stress, insulin resistance, lipotoxicity) able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and IL-18. Most of the inflammasome complexes that have been described to date contain a NOD-like receptor sensor molecule. Redox state and autophagy can regulate inflammasome complex and, depending on the conditions, can be either pro-or antiapoptotic. Acute and chronic liver diseases are cytokinedriven diseases as several proinflammatory cytokines(IL-1α, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and IL-6) are critically involved in inflammation, steatosis, fibrosis, and cancer development. NLRP3 inflammasome gain of function aggravates liver disease, resulting in severe liver fibrosis and highlighting this pathway in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. On the other hand, HCV infection is the primary catalyst for progressive liver disease and development of liver cancer. It is well established that HCV-induced IL-1β production by hepatic macrophages plays a critical and central process that promotes liver inflammation and disease. In this review, we aim to clarify the role of the inflammasome in the aggravation of liver disease, and how selective blockade of this main pathway may be a useful strategy to delay fibrosis progression in liver diseases. | José A Del Campo Paloma Gallego Lourdes Grande | 2018 | World Journal of Hepatology2018，10，1： | 25 |
| 7 | Alcoholic liver disease:Utility of animal models显示文摘Alcoholic liver disease(ALD) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver injury. Extensive evidence has been accumulated on the pathological process of ALD during the past decades. However, effective treatment options for ALD are very limited due to the lack of suitable in vivo models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD. Experimental animal models of ALD, particularly rodents, have been used extensively to mimic human ALD. An ideal animal model should recapitulate all aspects of the ALD process, including significant steatosis, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, and liver injury. A better strategy against ALD depends on clear diagnostic biomarkers, accurate predictor(s) of its progression and new therapeutic approaches to modulate stop or even reverse the disease. Numerous models employing rodent animals have been established in the last decades to investigate the effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure on the initiation and progression of ALD. Although significant progress has been made in gaining better knowledge on the mechanisms and pathology of ALD, many features of ALD are unknown, and require further investigation, ideally with improved animal models that more effectively mimic human ALD. Although differences in the degree and stages of alcoholic liver injury inevitably exist between animal models and human ALD, the acquisition and translational relevance will be greatly enhanced with the development of new and improved animal models of ALD. | Arantza Lamas-Paz Fengjie Hao Leonard J Nelson Maria Teresa Vázquez Santiago Canals Manuel Gómez del Moral Eduardo Martínez-Naves Yulia A Nevzorova Francisco Javier Cubero | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，45： | 26 |
| 8 | 颅内出血患者抗栓药逆转指南美国神经重症监护学会和美国重症医学会对医疗卫生专业人员的声明显示文摘背景抗栓药的使用,包括抗凝药、抗血小板药和溶栓药,在过去10年中日益增多并且预计将继续上升。虽然抗栓药相关性颅内出血可能是灾难性的,但快速逆转凝血功能障碍可能有助于限制血肿增大和改善转归。方法美国神经重症监护学会联合美国重症医学会组建了一个国际性多机构委员会,涉及的专业领域包括神经重症监护、神经内科、神经外科、卒中、血液学、血液病理学、急诊医学、药学、护理和指南制定,目的是进行文献评价并制定一份循证实践指南。该委员会进行了正式的文献检索,并对符合标准的研究进行了评价。结果利用GRADE方法学,委员会提出了在颅内出血情况下逆转维生素K拮抗药、直接Xa因子拮抗药、直接凝血酶抑制药、普通肝素、低分子肝素、类肝素、戊多糖、溶栓药和抗血小板药的推荐意见。结论该指南提供了及时和循证的抗栓药逆转策略以协助临床医生治疗抗栓药相关性颅内出血。 | Jennifer A. Frontera John J. Lewin Ⅲ Alejandro A. Rabinstein Imo P. Aisiku Anne W. Alexandrov Aaron M. Cook Gregory J. del Zoppo Monisha A. Kumar Ellinor I. B. Peerschke Michael F. Stiefel Jeanne S Teitelbaum Katja E. Wartenberg Cindy L. Zerfoss 杨一萍 谢丽丽 宁小金 季宇腾 柯开富 | 2016 | 国际脑血管病杂志2016，24，11： | 24 |
| 9 | Oxidative stress:New insights on the association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis显示文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) represents the most common and emerging chronic liver disease worldwide. It includes a wide spectrum of liver diseasesranging from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),which may progress to fibrosis and more severe liver complications such as cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma and liver mortality. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity,insulin resistance,hypertension,and dyslipidaemia,and is now regarded as the liver manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The increased mortality of patients with NAFLD is primarily a result of cardiovascular disease and,to a lesser extent,to liver related diseases. Increased oxidative stress has been reported in both patients with NAFLD and patient with cardiovascular risk factors. Thus,oxidative stress represents a shared pathophysiological disorder between the two conditions. Several therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress reduction in patients with NAFLD have been proposed,with conflicting results. In particular,vitamin E supplementation has been suggested for the treatment of non-diabetic,non-cirrhotic adults with active NASH,although this recommendation is based only on the results of a single randomized controlled trial. Other antioxidant treatments suggested are resveratrol,silybin,L-carnitine and pentoxiphylline. No trial so far,has evaluated the cardiovascular effects of antioxidant treatment in patients with NAFLD. New,large-scale studies including as end-point also the assessment of the atherosclerosis markers are needed. | Licia Polimeni Maria Del Ben Francesco Baratta Ludovica Perri Fabiana Albanese Daniele Pastori Francesco Violi Francesco Angelico | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，10： | 23 |
| 10 | Downstaging disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma outside up-to-seven criteria: Strategies using degradable starch microspheres transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization显示文摘AIM: To evaluate the downstaging rates in hepatitis C virus-patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), treated with degradable starch microspheres transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(DSM-TACE), to reach new-Milan-criteria(nM C) for transplantation. METHODS: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution. From September 2013 to March 2014 eight patients(5 men and 3 women) with liver cirrhosis and multinodular HCC, that did not meet n MC at baseline, were enrolled in this study. Patients who received any other type of treatment such as termal ablation or percutaneous ethanol injection were excluded. DSM-TACE was performed in all patients using Embo Cept? S and doxorubicin. Baseline and follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was assessed measuring the longest enhancing axial dimension of each tumor according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors measure-ments, and medical records were reviewed.RESULTS: DSM-TACE was successfully performed in all patients without major complication. We treated 35 lesions(mean 4.3 per patient). Six of eight patients(75%) had their HCC downstaged to meet nM C. Every patient whose disease was downstaged eventually underwent transplantation. The six patients who received transplant were still living at the time of this writing, without recurrence of HCC. Baseline age(P = 0.25), Model for End-stage Liver Disease score(P = 0. 77), and α-fetoprotein level(P = 1.00) were similar between patients with and without downstaged HCC. CONCLUSION: DSM-TACE represents a safely and effective treatment option with similar safety and efficacy of conventional chemoembolization and could be successfully performed also for downstaging disease in patients without n MC, allowing them to reach liver transplantation. | Antonio Orlacchio Fabrizio Chegai Stefano Merolla Simona Francioso Costantino Del Giudice Mario Angelico Giuseppe Tisone Giovanni Simonetti | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，12： | 23 |
| 11 | OXIDATION OF A TWO-PHASE Cu-75Cr ALLOY IN AIRAT 700-900℃显示文摘The cormsion in air of a two-phase Cu-75Cr alloy was studied at 700-900℃. Thealloy cormded nearly parabolically at 700-800℃, but at 900℃ its instantaneousparabolic mte constant decreased with time. The scales were complex and consistedof an outermost layer of copper oxide generally followed bg a layer of the double ox-ide Cu2 Cr2 O4 sometimes containing particles of unoxidized chromium surmunded bya chromia layer. An innermost layer of chromia was also observed in some cases.Finally metallic copper was al8o frequently mixed with chromia particles. No Cr de-pletion was observed in the alloy close to the inteffoce with the scale. In any case,this alloy was not able to form an exclusive continuous protective chromia layer. Thespecial cormsion behavior Of this alloy is typical of two-phase binary systems with alange solubility gaP in which the outwaof dthesion fiux of the most-reactive componentin the alloy is strongly reduced and may be inswncient to fOrm a protective externallayer of the cormsponding oxide. In paTticular, the presence of particles of Cr withina double oxide layer is very unusual and is allowed only for the kinetic reason. | F. Gesmundo Y Niu F. Vianiand D.L. Douglass(Universita di Genova, Fiera del Mare, Pad. D,16129 Genova, Italy)(State Key Lab. for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Corrosion and Protection of Metals, theChinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, Ch | 1997 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1997，10，4： | 21 |
| 12 | Cystic tumors of the liver:A practical approach显示文摘Biliary cyst tumors(cystadenoma and cystadeno-carcinoma) are an indication for liver resection. They account for only 5% of all solitary cystic lesions of the liver,but differential diagnosis with multiloculated or complicated biliary cysts,atypical hemangiomas,hamartomas and lymphangiomas may be difficult. The most frequent challenge is to differentiate biliary cyst tumors from hemorrhagic cysts. Computerized tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) are often not diagnostic and in these cases fine needle aspiration(FNA) is used to confirm the presence of atypical biliary cells. FNA,however,lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity and should always be used in conjunction with imaging. Pre-operative differentiation of cystadenoma from cystadenocarcinoma is impossible and surgery must be performed if a biliary cyst tumor is suspected. When multiple cystic lesions are observed throughout the liver parenchyma,it is important to exclude liver metastasis,of which colonic cancer is the most common primary site. Multiple biliary hamartomas(von Meyenburg complex) can appear as a mixture of solid and cystic lesions and can be confused with cystic metastasis. Strong and uniform T2 hyperintensity on MRI is usually diagnostic,but occasionally a percutaneous biopsy may be required. | Paolo Del Poggio Marco Buonocore | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，23： | 20 |
| 13 | Dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of drug-induced liver injury显示文摘Drug-induced liver injury(DILI) has become a major topic in the field of Hepatology and Gastroenterology. DILI can be clinically divided into three phenotypes: hepatocytic, cholestatic and mixed. Although the clinical manifestations of DILI are variable and the pathogenesis complicated, recent insights using improved preclinical models, have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger liver damage. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DILI. The toxicity of the drug eventually induces hepatocellular damage through multiple molecular pathways, including direct hepatic toxicity and innate and adaptive immune responses. Drugs or their metabolites, such as the common analgesic, acetaminophen, can cause direct hepatic toxicity through accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. The innate and adaptive immune responses play also a very important role in the occurrence of idiosyncratic DILI. Furthermore, we examine common forms of hepatocyte death and their association with the activation of specific signaling pathways. | Hui Ye Leonard J Nelson Manuel Gómez del Moral Eduardo Martínez-Naves Francisco Javier Cubero | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，13： | 19 |
| 14 | 成人缺血性卒中早期处理指南显示文摘本指南旨在对成年急性缺血性卒中患者评价和治疗各要素的现有证据做一回顾。目标读者是那些为发病后48h内的卒中患者提供治疗的内科医生和其他急诊医疗保健人员。另外,也包括向医疗保健政策制定者提供的信息。方法:专家小组成员由美国心脏协会(AHA)卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会任命,他们代表了来自不同领域的专家。专家小组以2003年后发表的报道为重点,对相关文献进行回顾,采用AHA卒中委员会的证据水平分级标准对证据进行分级并做出推荐。本声明经专家小组认可后,再由AHA科学顾问和协调委员会进行同行评议和正式批准。本指南打算在3年内做全面更新。结果:对急性缺血性卒中患者的处理仍然是多方面的,包括尚未在临床试验中进行过验证的一些医疗诊治方面。本声明包括从急诊医疗服务人员开始接触患者到入院初期处理的推荐意见。静脉重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂仍然是已得到证实的最有效的卒中急诊治疗干预方法。包括动脉应用溶栓药和机械介入在内的一些方法显示出希望。因为许多推荐是在有限的证据基础上做出的,因此需要对急性缺血性卒中的治疗进行更多的研究。 | Harold P. Adams Gregory del Zoppo Mark J. Alberts Deepak L. Bhatt Lawrence Brass Anthony Furlan Robert L. Grubb Randall T. Higashida Edward C. Jauch Chelsea Kidwell Patrick D. Lyden Lewis B. Morgenstern Adnan I. Qureshi Robert H. Rosenwasser Phillip A. Scott Eelco F.M. Wijdicks 李焰生(译) 熊昕丽(译) 林岩(译) 沈沸(译) 俞羚(译) 邹静(译) 张静芳(译) 孙亚蒙(译) 周洁茹(译) 蒋仙国(译) 陈莺(译) | 2007 | 国际脑血管病杂志2007，15，6： | 18 |
| 15 | Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio to predict esophageal varices in Mexican patients with hepatic cirrhosis显示文摘AIM:To validate whether the platelet count/spleen size ratio can be used to predict the presence of esophageal varices in Mexican patients with hepatic cirrhosis.METHODS:This was an analytical cross-sectional study to validate the diagnostic test for hepatic cirrhosis and was performed between February 2010 and December 2011.Patients with a diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis were included and stratified using their ChildPugh score.Biochemical parameters were evaluated,and ultrasound was used to measure the longest diameter of the spleen.The platelet count/spleen diameter ratio was calculated and analyzed to determine whether it can predict the presence of esophageal varices.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was used as the gold standard.Sensitivity and specificity,positive and negative predictive values,and positive and negative likelihood ratios were determined,with the cutoff points determined by receiver-operating characteristic curves.RESULTS:A total of 91 patients were included.The mean age was 53.75±12 years;50(54.9%)were men,and 41(45.0%)women.The etiology of cirrhosis included alcohol in 48(52.7%),virally induced in24(26.3%),alcoholism plus hepatitis C virus in three(3.2%),cryptogenic in nine(9.8%),and primary biliary cirrhosis in seven(7.6%).Esophageal varices were present in 73(80.2%)patients.Child-Pugh classification,17(18.6%)patients were classified as class A,37(40.6%)as class B,and 37(40.6%)as class C.The platelet count/spleen diameter ratio to detect esophageal varices independent of the grade showed using a cutoff value of≤884.3,had 84%sensitivity,70%specificity,and positive and negative predictive values of 94%and 40%,respectively.CONCLUSION:Our results suggest that the platelet count/spleen diameter ratio may be a useful tool for detecting esophageal varices in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. | Alejandro González-Ojeda Gabino Cervantes-Guevara Manuela Chávez-Sánchez Carlos Dávalos-Cobián Susana Ornelas-Cázares Michel Dassaejv Macías-Amezcua Mariana Chávez-Tostado Kenia Militzi Ramírez-Campos Anaís del Rocío Ramírez-Arce Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，8： | 18 |
| 16 | Telesat、One Web及Space X三个全球宽带低轨卫星星座系统的技术对比显示文摘近年来,从太空提供互联网接入的想法又卷土重来。在20世纪90年代提出的项目遭遇挫折后,经过近20年相对平静的时期,在2014年至2016年期间出现了一股新的发展浪潮,即大型低地球轨道(Low Earth Orbit,LEO)卫星星座提供全球宽带接入。与上一代系统相比,这些系统的主要区别在于更为先进的数字通信有效载荷、高级调制方案、多波束天线和更复杂的频率复用方案,这些因素都使得系统性能获得了极大提升,同时也降低了各载荷制造与发射成本。 | Inigo del Portilloa Bruce G.Cameronb Edward F.Crawleyc 刘帅军 胡月梅 | 2019 | 卫星与网络2019，0，7： | 18 |
| 17 | Acute calculous cholecystitis: Review of current best practices显示文摘Acute calculous cholecystitis(ACC) is the most frequent complication of cholelithiasis and represents one-third of all surgical emergency hospital admissions, many aspects of the disease are still a matter of debate. Knowledge of the current evidence may allow the surgical team to develop practical bedside decision-making strategies, aiming at a less demanding procedure and lower frequency of complications. In this regard, recommendations on the diagnosis supported by specific criteria and severity scores are being implemented, to prioritize patients eligible for urgency surgery. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the best treatment for ACC and the procedure should ideally be performed within 72h. Early surgery is associated with better results in comparison to delayed surgery. In addition, when to suspect associated common bile duct stones and how to treat them when found are still debated. The antimicrobial agents are indicated for high-risk patients and especially in the presence of gallbladder necrosis. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and in some cases with antifungal agents is related to better prognosis. Moreover, an emerging strategy of not converting to open, a difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy and performing a subtotal cholecystectomy is recommended by adept surgical teams. Some authors support the use of percutaneous cholecystostomy as an alternative emergency treatment for acute Cholecystitis for patients with severe comorbidities. | Carlos Augusto Gomes Cleber Soares Junior Salomone Di Saveiro Massimo Sartelli Michel Denis Kelly Camila Couto Gomes Felipe Couto Gomes Lívia Dornellas Correa Camila Brandao Alves Samuel de Fádel Guimaraes | 2017 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2017，9，5： | 18 |
| 18 | Epidemiological Evolution of Lung Cancer in the South of Spain from 1990 to 2010显示文摘Background: Changes in lung cancer has been characterized by the increase of cases among women and the increase in adenocarcinomas among other histological subtypes.Methods: Descriptive analysis of cases diagnosed with lung cancer in Hospital Virgen de las Nieves(Spain) from 1990 to 2010,based on five variables(age, sex, smoking, histology and pathological anatomy). The study establishes associations between these variables and compares the results with the literature.Results: 2,026 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer in this period; 1,838 were males(90.7%) and 188 women(9.3%); 1,892 patients(93.4%) were smokers or ex-smokers and 134(6.6%) had never smoked; the most frequent non-small cell histology types were squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and it was the most frequent neoplasia in women and were associated with a lower tobacco consumption.Conclusion: The large majority of lung cancer cases is associated with a history of smoking tobacco and there are histopathological differences according to gender and cumulative tobacco smoke load. | Alberto Caballero Vázquez Ana Dolores Romero Ortiz Jose Manuel González de Vega San Román Raimundo García del Moral Bernardino Alcázar Navarrete | 2018 | 中国肺癌杂志2018，21，1： | 17 |
| 19 | The Immune System and the Role of Inflammation in Perinatal Depression显示文摘Major depression during pregnancy is a common psychiatric disorder that arises from a complex and multifactorial etiology. Psychosocial stress, sex, hormones, and genetic vulnerability increase the risk for triggering mood disorders. Microglia and toll-like receptor 4 play a crucial role in triggering wide and varied stress-induced responses mediated through activation of the inflammasome; this leads to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, increased serotonin metabolism, and reduction of neurotransmitter availability along with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity. Dysregulation of this intricate neuroimmune communication network during pregnancy modifies the maternal milieu, enhancing the emergence of depressive symptoms and negative obstetric and neuropsychiatric outcomes. Although several studies have clearly demonstrated the role of the innate immune system in major depression, it is still unclear how the placenta, the brain, and the monoaminergic and neuroendocrine systems interact during perinatal depression. Thus, in the present review we describe the cellular and molecular interactions between these systems in major depression during pregnancy, proposing that the same stress-related mechanisms involved in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and peripheral myeloid cells in depressed patients operate in a similar fashion in the neuroimmune placenta during perinatal depression. Thus, activation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome in placental immune cells may promote a shift of the Th1/Th2 bias towards a predominant Th1/Th17 inflammatory response, associated with increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, among other secreted autocrine and paracrine mediators, which play a crucial role in triggering and/or exacerbating depressive symptoms during pregnancy. | Philippe Leff-Gelman Ismael Mancilla-Herrera Monica Flores-Ramos Carlos Cruz-Fuentes Juan Pablo Reyes-Grajeda maría del pilar garcía-cuétara Marielle Danitza Bugnot-Perez David Ellioth Pulido-Ascencio | 2016 | Neuroscience Bulletin2016，32，4： | 17 |
| 20 | Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial显示文摘Background:We aimed to assess efficacy and safety,with a special focus on cardiovascular safety,of the novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk inadequately controlled on oral glucose-lowering medications.Methods:This open-label,parallel-group,phase 3 study was done in 187 sites in 14 countries on five continents.Eligible participants,aged 18 years or older,had type 2 diabetes treated with any combination of metformin,sulfonylurea,or sodiumglucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor,a baseline glycated haemoglobin(HbA1c)of 7-5-10-5%(58-91 mmol/mol),body-mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater,and established cardiovascular disease or a high risk of cardiovascular events.Participants were randomly assigned(1:1:1:3)via an interactive web-response system to subcutaneous injection of either once-per-week tirzepatide(5 mg,10 mg,or 15 mg)or glargine(100 U/mL),titrated to reach fasting blood glucose of less than 100 mg/dL.The primary endpoint was non-inferiority(0-3%non-inferiority boundary)of tirzepatide 10 mg or 15 mg,or both,versus glargine in HbA1c change from baseline to 52 weeks.All participants were treated for at least 52 weeks,with treatment continued for a maximum of 104 weeks or until study completion to collect and adjudicate major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE).Safety measures were assessed over the full study period.This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03730662. | Stefano Del Prato | 2021 | 四川生理科学杂志2021，43，8： | 16 |
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