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| 1 | Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products with surface rain gauge observations from Laohahe Basin in northern China显示文摘Three high-resolution satellite precipitation products,the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) standard precipitation products 3B42V6 and 3B42RT and the Climate Precipitation Center's (CPC) morphing technique precipitation product (CMORPH),were evaluated against surface rain gauge observations from the Laohahe Basin in northern China.Widely used statistical validation indices and categorical statistics were adopted.The evaluations were performed at multiple time scales,ranging from daily to yearly,for the years from 2003 to 2008.The results show that all three satellite precipitation products perform very well in detecting the occurrence of precipitation events,but there are some different biases in the amount of precipitation.3B42V6,which has a bias of 21%,fits best with the surface rain gauge observations at both daily and monthly scales,while the biases of 3B42RT and CMORPH,with values of 81% and 67%,respectively,are much higher than a normal receivable threshold.The quality of the satellite precipitation products also shows monthly and yearly variation:3B42RT has a large positive bias in the cold season from September to April,while CMORPH has a large positive bias in the warm season from May to August,and they all attained their best values in 2006 (with 10%,50%,and-5% biases for 3B42V6,3B42RT,and CMORPH,respectively).Our evaluation shows that,for the Laohahe Basin,3B42V6 has the best correspondence with the surface observations,and CMORPH performs much better than 3B42RT.The large errors of 3B42RT and CMORPH remind us of the need for new improvements to satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms or feasible bias adjusting methods. | Shan-hu JIANG Li-liang REN Bin YONG Xiao-li YANG Lin SHI | 2010 | Water Science and Engineering2010，3，4： | 17 |
| 2 | Characteristics of structural loess strength and preliminary framework for joint strength formula显示文摘The strength of structural loess consists of the shear strength and tensile strength. In this study, the stress path, the failure envelope of principal stress(fK line), and the strength failure envelope of structurally intact loess and remolded loess were analyzed through three kinds of tests: the tensile strength test, the uniaxial compressive strength test, and the conventional triaxial shear strength test. Then, in order to describe the tensile strength and shear strength of structural loess comprehensively and reasonably, a joint strength formula for structural loess was established. This formula comprehensively considers tensile and shear properties. Studies have shown that the tensile strength exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing water content. When the water content is constant, the tensile strength of the structurally intact soil is greater than that of remolded soil. In the studies, no loss of the originally cured cohesion in the structurally intact soil samples was observed, given that the soil samples did not experience loading disturbance during the uniaxial compressive strength test, meaning there is a high initial structural strength. The results of the conventional triaxial shear strength test show that the water content is correlated with the strength of the structural loess. When the water content is low, the structural properties are strong, and when the water content is high, the structural properties are weak, which means that the water content and the ambient pressure have significant effects on the stress-strain relationship of structural loess. The established joint strength formula of structural loess effectively avoids overestimating the role of soil tensile strength in the traditional theory of Mohr-Coulomb strength. | Rong-jian LI Jun-ding LIU Rui YAN Wen ZHENG Sheng-jun SHAO | 2014 | Water Science and Engineering2014，7，3： | 17 |
| 3 | Compensation and benefit sharing: Why resettlement policies and practices must be reformed显示文摘Many public and private sector projects, such as hydropower dams or mines, trigger forced population displacement but fail to resettle people sustainably and instead cause their impoverishment. Social science research has found that one root cause of such failures and of impoverishment is asset dispossession and the insufficient financing of resettlement. Most governments, however, state that (1) compensation alone is sufficient for restoring the income and livelihood of those displaced, and (2) resources to supplement compensation with additional financing are not available. The author critiques and rejects these positions. He offers a theoretical analysis of the limits and flaws of compensation payments for expropriated assets, and argues that resources are available for supplementing compensation with financial investments for resettlers’ development. The sources for supplementary financing are the economic rent (windfall profits) generated by natural resource projects such as hydropower or mining and the regular stream of benefits generated by all projects that require resettlement. Further, the author argues that financial investments in resettlers’ welfare are indispensable and that benefit sharing is feasible. Therefore, both should become basic principles of resettlement legislation and practice. In addition to theoretical analysis, the author documents with empirical evidence that some countries (China, Brazil, Canada, Columbia and Japan) already make investments additional to compensation for post-displacement reconstruction. The author sums up his argument in these key points: (1).Compensation alone cannot prevent the impoverishment of resettlers and cannot in itself restore and improve their livelihoods; (2).Additional financing is needed for direct investments in resettlement with development; (3).Compensation levels must be increased; (4).Financing resources are available in most cases for investing in resettlers’ development, but allocation of investments depends on the political will of governments and project owners; (5).Firm opposition to displacement and under-compensation is growing in many countries and the strength of resettlers’ demands and political opposition does influence allocation levels; (6).Mechanisms for benefit sharing and transfer are known and effective and these mechanisms can be adjusted to different country and economic sector conditions; (7).The introduction of benefit-sharing rules requires legislative enactment for robust application. | Michael M. Cernea | 2008 | Water Science and Engineering2008，1，1： | 15 |
| 4 | Fractional description of mechanical property evolution of soft soils during creep显示文摘The motion of pore water directly influences mechanical properties of soils,which are variable during creep.Accurate description of the evolution of mechanical properties of soils can help to reveal the internal behavior of pore water.Based on the idea of using the fractional order to reflect mechanical properties of soils,a fractional creep model is proposed by introducing a variable-order fractional operator,and realized on a series of creep responses in soft soils.A comparative analysis illustrates that the evolution of mechanical properties,shown through the simulated results,exactly corresponds to the motion of pore water and the solid skeleton.This demonstrates that the proposed variable-order fractional model can be employed to characterize the evolution of mechanical properties of and the pore water motion in soft soils during creep.It is observed that the fractional order from the proposed model is related to the dissipation rate of pore water pressure. | De-shun YIN Yan-qing LI Hao WU Xiao-meng DUAN | 2013 | Water Science and Engineering2013，6，4： | 15 |
| 5 | Evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir, China显示文摘The water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir has attracted considerable attention from the Chinese public and government since the announcement of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project(SNWDP), which commenced transferring water in 2014.Integrated research on the evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was carried out in this study in order to improve environmental management. Based on 120 water samples, wherein 17 water quality indices were measured at 20 monitoring sites, a single factor evaluation method was used to evaluate the current status of water quality. The results show that the main indices influencing the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir are total phosphorus(TP), permanganate index(COD Mn), dissolved oxygen(DO), and five-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5), and the concentrations of TP, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen(NH3e N), COD Mn, DO, and anionic surfactant(Surfa) do not reach the specified standard levels in the tributaries. Seasonal Mann e Kendall tests indicated that the COD Mn concentration shows a highly significant increasing trend, and the TP concentration shows a significant increasing trend in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The distribution of the main water quality indices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was predicted using a two-dimensional water quality numerical model,and showed that the sphere of influence from the tributaries can spread across half of the Han Reservoir if the pollutants are not controlled.Cluster analysis(CA) results suggest that the Shending River is heavily polluted, that the Jianghe, Sihe, and Jianhe rivers are moderately polluted, and that they should be the focus of environmental remediation. | Xiao-kang Xin Ke-feng Li Brian Finlayson Wei Yin | 2015 | Water Science and Engineering2015，8，1： | 14 |
| 6 | Influence of pH on short-cut denitrifying phosphorus removal显示文摘Through a series of experiments using denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating sludge in sequencing batch reactors(SBRs), the variations of the intracellular polymers during the anaerobic phosphorus release process at different pH values were compared, the probable reasons for different performances of phosphorus removal were examined, and system operations in a typical cycle were investigated. The results show that the phosphorus removal rate was positively correlated with pH values in a range of 6.5-8.5. When the pH value was 8.0, the anaerobic phosphorus release rate and anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of the activated sludge were 20.95 mg/(g?h) and 23.29 mg/(g?h), respectively; the mass fraction of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate(PHB) increased to 62.87 mg/g under anaerobic conditions; the mass fraction of polyphosphate was 92.67 mg/g under anoxic conditions; and the effluent concentration of total phosphorus(TP) was 1.47 mg/L. With the increase of pH, the mass fraction of acetic acid and PHB also increased, and the absorption rate of acetic acid was equal to the disintegration rate of polyphosphate. When the pH value was above 8.0, biological phosphorus removal was achieved by chemical phosphorus precipitation, and the phosphorus removal rate decreased. | Wei Li Hui-yan Zhang Hui-zhi Sun Fei Zeng Yu-nan Gao Lei Zhu | 2018 | Water Science and Engineering2018，11，1： | 14 |
| 7 | System dynamics model of Suzhou water resources carrying capacity and its application显示文摘A model of Suzhou water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) was set up using the method of system dynamics (SD). In the model, three different water resources utilization programs were adopted: (1) continuity of existing water utilization, (2) water conservation/saving, and (3) water exploitation. The dynamic variation of the Suzhou WRCC was simulated with the supply-decided principle for the time period of 2001 to 2030, and the results were characterized based on socio-economic factors. The corresponding Suzhou WRCC values for several target years were calculated by the model. Based on these results, proper ways to improve the Suzhou WRCC are proposed. The model also produced an optimized plan, which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of Suzhou water resources and for the coordinated development of the society, economy, and water resources. | Li CHENG | 2010 | Water Science and Engineering2010，3，2： | 14 |
| 8 | Hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation with BTOPMC model and comparison with Xin'anjiang model显示文摘A grid-based distributed hydrological model, the Block-wise use of TOPMODEL (BTOPMC), which was developed from the original TOPMODEL, was used for hydrological daily rainfall-runoff simulation. In the BTOPMC model, the runoff is explicitly calculated on a cell-by-cell basis, and the Muskingum-Cunge flow concentration method is used. In order to test the model's applicability, the BTOPMC model and the Xin'anjiang model were applied to the simulation of a humid watershed and a semi-humid to semi-arid watershed in China. The model parameters were optimized with the Shuffle Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) method. Results show that both models can effectively simulate the daily hydrograph in humid watersheds, but that the BTOPMC model performs poorly in semi-humid to semi-arid watersheds. The excess-infiltration mechanism should be incorporated into the BTOPMC model to broaden the model's applicability. | Hong-jun BAO Li-li WANG Zhi-jia LI Lin-na ZHAO Guo-ping ZHANG | 2010 | Water Science and Engineering2010，3，2： | 12 |
| 9 | Incipient motion of sediment in presence of submerged flexible vegetation显示文摘The presence of submerged vegetation on river beds can change the water flow structure and alter the state of sediment motion. In this study,the incipient motion of sediment in the presence of submerged flexible vegetation in open channels was investigated in a laboratory experiment.The vegetation was simulated with flexible rubber cylinders arranged in parallel arrays. The effect of the vegetation density, water depth, and sediment grain size on the incipient motion was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the incipient motion velocity of sediment increases as the vegetation density decreases and the water depth and sediment grain size increase. With flexible plants, the incipient motion velocity of sediment is lower than it is without vegetation, and is larger than it is with rigid vegetation. A general incipient motion velocity equation was derived, which can be applied to both flexible and rigid vegetation conditions. | Hao Wang Hong-wu Tang Han-qing Zhao Xuan-yu Zhao Sheng-qi Lü | 2015 | Water Science and Engineering2015，8，1： | 12 |
| 10 | Effectiveness of inhibitors in increasing chloride threshold value for steel corrosion显示文摘This investigation was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in increasing the chloride threshold value for steel corrosion. Three types of corrosion inhibitors, calcium nitrite (Ca(NO2)2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and N,N'-dimethylaminoethanol (DMEA), which respectively represented the anodic inhibitor, cathodic inhibitor, and mixed inhibitor, were chosen. The experiment was carried out in a saturated calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution to simulate the electrolytic environment of concrete. The inhibitors were initially mixed at different levels, and then chloride ions were gradually added into the solution in several steps. The open-circuit potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (Icorr) determined by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were used to identify the initiation of active corrosion, thereby determining the chloride threshold value. It was found that although all the inhibitors were effective in decreasing the corrosion rate of steel reinforcement, they had a marginal effect on increasing the chloride threshold value. | Jin-xia XU Lin-hua JIANG Wei-lun WANG Li TANG Li CUI | 2013 | Water Science and Engineering2013，6，3： | 12 |
| 11 | Stability analysis of unsaturated soil slope during rainfall infiltration using coupled liquid-gas-solid three-phase model显示文摘Generally, most soil slope failures are induced by rainfall infiltration, a process that involves interactions between the liquid phase, gas phase,and solid skeleton in an unsaturated soil slope. In this study, a loosely coupled liquid-gas-solid three-phase model, linking two numerical codes,TOUGH2/EOS3, which is used for water-air two-phase flow analysis, and FLAC^(3D), which is used for mechanical analysis, was established. The model was validated through a documented water drainage experiment over a sandy column and a comparison of the results with measured data and simulated results from other researchers. The proposed model was used to investigate the features of water-air two-phase flow and stress fields in an unsaturated soil slope during rainfall infiltration. The slope stability analysis was then performed based on the simulated water-air two-phase seepage and stress fields on a given slip surface. The results show that the safety factor for the given slip surface decreases first, then increases, and later decreases until the rainfall stops. Subsequently, a sudden rise occurs. After that, the safety factor decreases continually and reaches its lowest value, and then increases slowly to a steady value. The lowest value does not occur when the rainfall stops, indicating a delayed effect of the safety factor. The variations of the safety factor for the given slip surface are therefore caused by a combination of pore-air pressure, matric suction, normal stress, and net normal stress. | Dong-mei Sun Xiao-min Li Ping Feng Yong-ge Zang | 2016 | Water Science and Engineering2016，9，3： | 12 |
| 12 | Parameter identification and global sensitivity analysis of Xin'anjiang model using meta-modeling approach显示文摘Parameter identification, model calibration, and uncertainty quantification are important steps in the model-building process, and are necessary for obtaining credible results and valuable information. Sensitivity analysis of hydrological model is a key step in model uncertainty quantification, which can identify the dominant parameters, reduce the model calibration uncertainty, and enhance the model optimization efficiency. There are, however, some shortcomings in classical approaches, including the long duration of time and high computation cost required to quantitatively assess the sensitivity of a multiple-parameter hydrological model. For this reason, a two-step statistical evaluation framework using global techniques is presented. It is based on (1) a screening method (Morris) for qualitative ranking of parameters, and (2) a variance-based method integrated with a meta-model for quantitative sensitivity analysis, i.e., the Sobol method integrated with the response surface model (RSMSobol). First, the Morris screening method was used to qualitatively identify the parameters' sensitivity, and then ten parameters were selected to quantify the sensitivity indices. Subsequently, the RSMSobol method was used to quantify the sensitivity, i.e., the first-order and total sensitivity indices based on the response surface model (RSM) were calculated. The RSMSobol method can not only quantify the sensitivity, but also reduce the computational cost, with good accuracy compared to the classical approaches. This approach will be effective and reliable in the global sensitivity analysis of a complex large-scale distributed hydrological model. | Xiao-meng SONG Fan-zhe KONG Che-sheng ZHAN Ji-wei HAN Xin-hua ZHANG | 2013 | Water Science and Engineering2013，6，1： | 12 |
| 13 | Evaluation of regional water resources carrying capacity based on binary index method and reduction index method显示文摘Based on the regional water resources carrying capacity(WRCC)evaluation principles and evaluation index system in the National Technical Outline of Water Resources Carrying Capacity Monitoring and Early Warning(hereafter referred to as the Technical Outline),this paper elaborates on the collection and sorting of the basic data of water resources conditions,water resources development and utilization status,social and economic development in basins,analysis and examination of integrity,consistency,normativeness,and rationality of the basic data,and the necessity of WRCC evaluation.This paper also describes the technique of evaluating the WRCC in prefecture-level cities and city-level administrative divisions in the District of the Taihu Lake Basin,which is composed of the Taihu Lake Basin and the Southeastern River Basin.The evaluation process combines the binary index evaluation method and reduction index evaluation method.The former,recommended by the Technical Outline,uses the total water use and the amount of exploited groundwater as evaluation indices,showing stronger operability,while the latter is developed by simplifying and optimizing the comprehensive index system with greater systematicness and completeness.The mutual validation and adjustment of the results of the above-mentioned two evaluation methods indicate that the WRCC of the District of the Taihu Lake Basin is overloaded in general because some prefecture-level cities and city-level administrative divisions in the Taihu Lake Basin and the Southeastern River Basin are in a severely overloaded state.In order to explain this conclusion,this paper analyzes the causes of WRCC overloading from the aspects of basin water environment,water resources development and utilization,water resources regulation and control ability,water resources utilization efficiency,and water resources management. | Hong-yuan Fang Sheng-wei Gan Chen-ying Xue | 2019 | Water Science and Engineering2019，12，4： | 12 |
| 14 | Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden显示文摘The cut-off wall in a clay-core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer is subjected to a large compressive pressure under the action of the loads such as the dead weight of both the dam and the overburden layer, the frictional force induced by the differential settlement between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, and the water pressure. Thus, reduction of the stress of the cut-off wall has become one of the main problems for consideration in engineering design. In this paper, numerical analysis of a core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer was conducted and some factors influencing the stress-strain behaviors of the cut-off wall were investigated. The factors include the improvement of the overburden layer, the modeling approach for interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, the modulus of the cut-off wall concrete, and the connected pattern between the cut-off wall and the clay core. The result shows that improving the overburden layer,selecting plastic concrete with a low modulus and high strength, and optimizing the connection between the cut-off wall and the clay core of the dam are effective measures of reducing the deformations and compressive stresses of the cut-off wall. In addition, both the Goodman element and the mud-layer element are suitable for simulating the interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils. | Si-hong Liu Liu-jiang Wang Zi-jian Wang Erich Bauer | 2016 | Water Science and Engineering2016，9，3： | 11 |
| 15 | Two-dimensional shallow water equations with porosity and their numerical scheme on unstructured grids显示文摘In this study, porosity was introduced into two-dimensional shallow water equations to reflect the effects of obstructions, leading to the modification of the expressions for the flux and source terms. An extra porosity source term appears in the momentum equation. The numerical model of the shallow water equations with porosity is presented with the finite volume method on unstructured grids and the modified Roe-type approximate Riemann solver. The source terms of the bed slope and porosity are both decomposed in the characteristic direction so that the numerical scheme can exactly satisfy the conservative property. The present model was tested with a dam break with discontinuous porosity and a flash flood in the Toce River Valley. The results show that the model can simulate the influence of obstructions, and the numerical scheme can maintain the flux balance at the interface with high efficiency and resolution. | Zhi-li WANG Yan-fen GENG | 2013 | Water Science and Engineering2013，6，1： | 10 |
| 16 | Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China显示文摘The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 mg/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively.Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants. | Zi-zhen Zhou Ting-lin Huang Wei-xing Ma Yang Li Kang Zeng | 2015 | Water Science and Engineering2015，8，4： | 10 |
| 17 | Porosity and permeability variations of a dam curtain during dissolution显示文摘During reservoir operation,the erosion effects of groundwater change the porosity and permeability of the dam curtain,causing changes to the seepage field.To understand where the changes take place and to what degree the porosity and permeability change,a multi-field coupling model was built and solved.The model takes into account seepage,solution concentration,and solid structure.The model was validated using uplift pressure monitoring data.Then,the variations in curtain porosity,seepage flow,and loss quantity of Ca(OH)2 were calculated.The key time nodes were obtained through curve fitting of the variation of seepage flow with the BiDoseResp function.The results showed that the model could reflect the attenuation trend of curtain performance well.The process and position of the erosion were not homogeneous.Although erosion mainly occurred at the top and bottom of the curtain,it was most developed at the top.The erosion effects developed slowly during the early stage,much fast during the middle and late stages,and culminated in complete dissolution.The model results and the daily monitoring data can provide a scientific basis for the safe operation and management of reservoirs. | Ji-xiang Huo Fu-heng Ma Xiao-lei Ji | 2019 | Water Science and Engineering2019，12，2： | 10 |
| 18 | Analytical study on water hammer pressure in pressurized conduits with a throttled surge chamber for slow closure显示文摘This paper presents an analytical investigation of water hammer in a hydraulic pressurized pipe system with a throttled surge chamber located at the junction between a tunnel and a penstock, and a valve positioned at the downstream end of the penstock. Analytical formulas of maximum water hammer pressures at the downstream end of the tunnel and the valve were derived for a system subjected to linear and slow valve closure. The analytical results were then compared with numerical ones obtained using the method of characteristics. There is agreement between them. The formulas can be applied to estimating water hammer pressure at the valve and transmission of water hammer pressure through the surge chamber at the junction for a hydraulic pipe system with a surge chamber. | Yong-liang ZHANG Ming-fei MIAO Ji-ming MA | 2010 | Water Science and Engineering2010，3，2： | 10 |
| 19 | Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model显示文摘With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced. | Qi Zhou Wei Wang Yong Pang Zhi-yong Zhou Hui-ping Luo | 2015 | Water Science and Engineering2015，8，4： | 9 |
| 20 | Calculation of watershed flow concentration based on the grid drop concept显示文摘The grid drop concept is introduced and used to develop a micromechanism-based methodology for calculating watershed flow concentration. The flow path and distance traveled by a grid drop to the outlet of the watershed are obtained using a digital elevation model (DEM). Regarding the slope as an uneven carpet through which the grid drop passes, a formula for overland flow velocity differing from Manning’s formula for stream flow as well as Darcy’s formula for pore flow is proposed. Compared with the commonly used unit hydrograph and isochronal methods, this new methodology has outstanding advantages in that it considers the influences of the slope velocity field and the heterogeneity of spatial distribution of rainfall on the flow concentration process, and includes only one parameter that needs to be calibrated. This method can also be effectively applied to the prediction of hydrologic processes in un-gauged basins. | Rui Xiaofang Yu Mei Liu Fanggui Gong Xinglong | 2008 | Water Science and Engineering2008，1，1： | 9 |
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