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| 1 | The sediments of lake on the Ardley Island, Antarctica: Identification of penguin-dropping soil显示文摘During CHINARE 15(Dec. 1998 Mar. 1999), a lake core 67.5 cm in length, was sampled in Y2 lake, which is located on the Ardley Island, Antarctica. The concentrations of some chemical elements in Y2 lake sediments were analyzed. According to comparative research on elementary characters of sediments in Antarctic West Lake, fresh penguin dropping as well as guano soil on the Ardley Island and Pacific Island in South China Sea, it presents that the Y2 lake sediments were ameliorated by penguin dropping. The result of element cluster analysis shows that the type elements in the sediment impacted by penguin dropping include Sr,F,S,P,Ca,Se,Cu,Zn and Ba. This can provide a base for further interpreting the climatic and environmental event recorded in the sediment. | 孙立广 谢周清 赵俊琳 | 2001 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2001，12，1： | 10 |
| 2 | Overview of China's Antarctic research progress 1984–2016显示文摘It is more than 30 years since the first Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE) landed in Antarctica in 1984, representing China's initiation in polar research. This review briefly summarizes the Chinese Antarctic scientific research and output accomplished over the past 30 years. The developments and progress in Antarctic research and the enhancement of international scientific cooperation achieved through the implementation of the CHINARE program have been remarkable. Since the 1980 s, four permanent Chinese Antarctic research stations have been established successively and 33 CHINAREs have been completed. The research results have been derived from a series of spatiotemporal observations in association with various projects and multidisciplinary studies in the fields of oceanography, glaciology, geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheric science, upper atmospheric physics, Antarctic astronomy, biology and ecology, human medicine, polar environment observation, and polar engineering. | CHEN Liqi LIU Xiaohan BIAN Lingen CHEN Bo HUANG Hongliang HU Hongqiao LUO Wei SHI Guitao SHI Jiuxin XU Chengli YANG Guang ZHAO Yue ZHANG Shaohua | 2017 | Advances in Polar Science2017，28，3： | 9 |
| 3 | Seasonal and inter-annual variations of the primary types of the Arctic sea-ice drifting patterns显示文摘Monthly mean sea ice motion vectors and monthly mean sea level pressure (SLP) for the period of 1979 -2006 are investigated to understand the spatial and temporal changes of Arctic sea-ice drift. According to the distinct differences in monthly mean ice velocity field as well as in the distribution of SLP, there are four primary types in the Arctic Ocean: Beaufort Gyre+Transpolar Drift, Anticyclonic Drift, Cyclonic Drift and Double Gyre Drift. These four types account for 81% of the total, and reveal distinct seasonal variations. The Cyclonic Drift with a large-scale anticlockwise ice motion pattern trends to prevail in summer while the Anticyclonic Drift with an opposite pattern trends to prevail in winter and spring. The prevailing seasons for the Beaufort Gyre+Transpolar Drift are spring and autumn, while the Double Gyre Drift trends to prevail in winter, especially in Feb- ruary. The annual occurring times of the Anticyclonic Drift and the Cyclonic Drift are closely correlated with the yearly mean Arc- tic Oscillation (AO) index, with a correlation coefficient of -0.54 and 0.54 (both significant with the confident level of 99%), re- spectively. When the AO index stays in a high positive (negative) condition, the sea-ice motion in the Arctic Ocean demonstrates a more anticlockwise (clockwise) drifting pattern as a whole. When the AO index stays in a neutral condition, the sea-ice motion becomes much more complicated and more transitional types trend to take place. | WANG Xiaoyu ZHAO Jinping | 2012 | Advances in Polar Science2012，23，2： | 7 |
| 4 | Review of CHINARE chemical oceanographic research in the Southern Ocean during 1984–2016显示文摘Between 1984 and 2016, China executed 33 Antarctic cruises with the icebreaker R/V Xuelong, which have provided opportunities for Chinese scientists to investigate the status and changes of the Southern Ocean. Research in chemical oceanography constitutes one of the primary missions of the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). This paper reviews nearly 30 years of Chinese Antarctic expeditions, focusing on the major progress achieved in chemical oceanographic research. Specifically, the sea-surface distributions and air–sea fluxes of CO_2 and N_2O are considered, and the transport, flux, and budget of organic matter are investigated based on isotopes in the Southern Ocean, especially in Prydz Bay. In addition, the nutrient distribution and deep-water particle export in Prydz Bay and the study of aerosol heavy metal characteristics are considered. Finally, the prospects for future Chinese Antarctic chemical oceanographic research are outlined. | CHEN Liqi CHEN Min ZHAN Liyan QI Di GAO Zhongyong WANG Jianjun XU Suqing CHEN Kui ZENG Jian ZHANG Run | 2017 | Advances in Polar Science2017，28，2： | 6 |
| 5 | Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene vegetation and climatic change of Tibetan Plateau显示文摘A synthesis of Holocene pollen records from the Tibetan Plateau shows the history of vegetation and climatic changes during the Holocene. Palynological evidences from 24 cores/sections have been compiled and show that the vegetation shifted from subalpine/alpine conifer forest to subalpine/alpine evergreen sclerophyllous forest in the southeastern part of the plateau; from alpine steppe to alpine desert in the central, western and northern part; and from alpine meadow to alpine steppe in the eastern and southern plateau regions during the Holocene. These records show that increases in precipitation began about 9 ka from the southeast, and a wide ranging level of increased humidity developed over the entire of the plateau around 8-7 ka, followed by aridity from 6 ka and a continuous drying over the plateau after 4-3 ka. The changes in Holocene climates of the plateau can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Indian Monsoon which expanded northwards during the early Holocene and retreated from the plateau since the midHolocene. Also, there is teleconnection between the Tibetan Plateau and North Atlantic. | 唐领余 李春海 于革 沈才明 | 2003 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2003，14，2： | 6 |
| 6 | Recent progress in Chinese polar upper-atmospheric physics research: review of research advances supported by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic expeditions显示文摘It has been more than 30 years since the first Chinese Antarctic Expedition took place. Polar upper atmospheric observations started at this time. First began at Great Wall Station and then at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica, and later in the Arctic at Yellow River Station, Kjell Henriksen Observatory on Svalbard, and at the China-Iceland Joint Aurora Observatory in Iceland. In this paper, we reviewed the advances in polar upper atmosphere physics(UAP) based on the Chinese national Arctic and Antarctic research over the last five years. These included newly deployed observatories and research instruments in the Arctic and Antarctic; and new research findings, from ground-based observations, about polar ionosphere dynamics, aurora and particle precipitation, polar plasma convection, geomagnetic pulsations and space plasma waves, space weather in the polar regions, simulations of the polar ionosphere-magnetosphere. In conclusion, suggestions were made for future polar upper atmosphere physics research in China. | HE Fang HU Hongqiao YANG Huigen ZHANG Beichen HUANG Dehong LIU Yonghua HU Zejun LIU Jianjun | 2016 | Advances in Polar Science2016，27，4： | 6 |
| 7 | Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet: progress and prospects显示文摘Chinese radioglaciological studies on the Antarctic ice sheet(AIS) began in 2004/05 when the 21 st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 21) team arrived at Dome A for the first time and radio echo sounding(RES) was conducted along the inland traverse and in the Dome A region. Subsequently, more field surveys were conducted along the traverse and in the Dome A region using different radar systems targeting different scientific purposes, such as revealing the landscape of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains by detailed grid RES, or locating a deep ice core drilling site by mapping and studying internal structures, bedrock topography and subglacial conditions in the Dome A region. Furthermore, the evolution of the AIS was inferred from the typical mountain glaciation topography beneath Dome A, and the age of the deep ice core at Kunlun Station was estimated through numerical modeling. Recently, the Snow Eagle 601 airplane was acquired and an airborne geophysical system was constructed to survey the AIS in Princess Elizabeth Land during CHINARE 32(2015/16) and CHINARE 33(2016/17) in order to fill the large data gap there. In this paper, we review both the recent progress of Chinese radioglaciological science in Antarctica and future proposed work. | CUI Xiangbin WANG Tiantian SUN Bo TANG Xueyuan GUO Jingxue | 2017 | Advances in Polar Science2017，28，3： | 6 |
| 8 | Subdivision of petrologic type of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites from Antarctica显示文摘We report results of petrologic and mineralogical studies of 25 unequilibrated ordinary chondrites(19 Chinese Antarctic meteorites)using electron microprobe,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS)techniques.With increasing degree of thermal metamorphism,chemical zoning of olivine was erased;plessite was transformed into intergrowths of coarser-grained kamacite and Ni-rich metal;Cr exsolved from ferroan olivine,produced needle-like crystals and coarsened into equant chromite grains;and feldspar crystallized during devitrification of glass and recrystallization of matrix.These features can help to identify different metamorphic grades.Based on the scheme by Sears et al(1982),we subdivided type 3 Chinese Antarctic ordinary chondrites into petrologic type 3.3 to 4(3 type 3.3,3 type 3.4,1 type 3.5,2 type 3.6,2 type 3.7,5 type 3.8,3 type 4).This classification scheme is a quite effective way to subdivide Antarctic meteorites.Additionally,we propose to revise the chemical groups of GRV 020032 and GRV 020104 to L and H,respectively. | 蒋云 徐伟彪 | 2009 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2009，20，2： | 5 |
| 9 | Model simulations of the annual cycle of the landfast ice thickness in the East Siberian Sea显示文摘The annual cycle of the thickness and temperature of landfast sea ice in the East Siberian Sea has been examined using a one-dimensional thermodynamic model. The model was calibrated for the year August 2012–July 2013, forced using the data of the Russian weather station Kotel'ny Island and ECMWF reanalyses. Thermal growth and decay of ice were reproduced well, and the maximum annual ice thickness and breakup day became 1.64 m and the end of July. Oceanic heat flux was 2 W.m–2 in winter and raised to 25 W.m–2 in summer, albedo was 0.3–0.8 depending on the surface type(snow/ice and wet/dry). The model outcome showed sensitivity to the albedo, air temperature and oceanic heat flux. The modelled snow cover was less than 10 cm having a small influence on the ice thickness. In situ sea ice thickness in the East Siberian Sea is rarely available in publications. This study provides a method for quantitative ice thickness estimation by modelling. The result can be used as a proxy to understand the sea ice conditions on the Eurasian Arctic coast, which is important for shipping and high-resolution Arctic climate modelling. | YANG Yu Matti Leppranta LI Zhijun Bin Cheng ZHAI Mengxi Denis Demchev | 2015 | Advances in Polar Science2015，26，2： | 5 |
| 10 | Snow and sea ice thermodynamics in the Arctic:Model validation and sensitivity study against SHEBA data显示文摘Evolution of the Arctic sea ice and its snow cover during the SHEBA year were simulated by applying a high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model (HIGHTSI).Attention was paid to the impact of albedo on snow and sea ice mass balance,effect of snow on total ice mass balance,and the model vertical resolution. The SHEBA annual simulation was made applying the best possible external forcing data set created by the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project.The HIGHTSI control run reasonably reproduced the observed snow and ice thickness.A number of albedo schemes were incorporated into HIGHTSI to study the feedback processes between the albedo and snow and ice thickness.The snow thickness turned out to be an essential variable in the albedo parameterization.Albedo schemes dependent on the surface temperature were liable to excessive positive feedback effects generated by errors in the modelled surface temperature.The superimposed ice formation should be taken into account for the annual Arctic sea ice mass balance. | Cheng Bin Timo Vihma Zhang Zhanhai Li Zhijun Wu Huiding | 2008 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2008，19，2： | 5 |
| 11 | Analyses of structure of planetary boundary layer in ice camp over Arctic ocean显示文摘The vertical structure of Planetary boundary layer over Arctic floating ice is presented by using about 50 atmospheric profiles and relevant data sounded at an ice station over Arctic Ocean from 22 August to 3 September,2003.It shows that the height of the convective boundary layer in day is greater than that of the stability boundary layer in night.The boundary layer can be described as vertical structures of stability,instability and multipling The interaction between relative warm and wet down draft air from up level and cool air of surface layer is significant,which causes stronger wind shear,temperature and humidity inversion with typical wind shear of 10 m/s/100 m,intensity of temperature inversion of 8 ℃/100 m.While the larger pack ice is broken by such process,new ice free area in the high latitudes of arctic ocean.The interactions between air/ice/water are enhanced.The fact helps to understanding characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer and its effect in Arctic floating ice region. | 卞林根 陆龙骅 张占海 程斌 逯昌贵 | 2007 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2007，18，1： | 5 |
| 12 | Review of research on Arctic sea ice physics based on the Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition显示文摘China launched its Arctic research program and organized the first Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE-Arctic) in 1999. By 2016, six further expeditions had been conducted using the R/V Xuelong. The main region of the expeditions has focused on the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean for sea ice observations. The expeditions have used icebreaker, helicopter, boat, floe, and buoy platforms to perform these observations. Some new technologies have been developed, in particular, the underway auto-observing system for sea ice thickness using an electromagnetic instrument. The long-term measurement systems, e.g., the sea ice mass balance buoy, allow observations to extend from summer to winter. Some international cooperation projects have been involved in CHINARE-Arctic, especially the 'Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-Term Environmental Studies' project funded by the European Union during the International Polar Year. Arctic sea ice observations have been used to verify remote sensing products, identify changes in Arctic sea ice, optimize the parameterizations of sea ice physical processes, and assess the accessibility of ice-covered waters, especially around the Northeast Passage. Recommendations are provided as guidance to future CHINARE-Arctic projects. For example, a standardized operation system of sea ice observations should be contracted, and the observations of sea ice dynamics should be enhanced. The upcoming launch of a new Chinese icebreaker will allow increased ship time in support of future CHINARE Arctic oceanographic investigations. | LEI Ruibo ZHANG Zhanhai LI Zhijun YANG Qinghua LI Bingrui LI Tao | 2017 | Advances in Polar Science2017，28，2： | 5 |
| 13 | Progress of Chinese research in physical oceanography of the Southern Ocean显示文摘Oceanographic surveying has been one of the key missions of the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition since 1984. Using the field data obtained in these surveys and the results from remote sensing and numerical models, Chinese physical oceanographers have investigated the water masses, fronts and circulation patterns in the Southern Ocean. The results of nearly 30 years of research are summarized in this paper. Most oceanographic observations by Chinese researchers have been conducted in Prydz Bay and the adjacent seas. CTD (Conductivity Temperature and Depth) data, collected during the past 20 years, have been applied to study several features of the water masses in this region: The spatial variation of warm summer surface water, the northward extension of shelf water, the flow of ice shelf water from the cavity beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, the upwelling of the Circumpolar Deep Water, and the formation of the Antarctic Bottom Water. The circulation and its dynamic factors have been analyzed with dynamic heights calculated from CTD data as well as by numerical models. The structure and strength of the fronts in the southeast Indian Ocean and the Drake Passage were investigated with underway XBT/XCTD (Expendable Bathythermograph/Expendable CTD) and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) data. Their interannual variations have been determined and the factors of influence, especially the atmospheric forcing and mesoscale oceanic processes, were studied using remote sensing data. The dynamic mechanism of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was analyzed by theoretical models. The transport and pattern of the ACC have been well reproduced by coupled sea ice-ocean models. Additional details of ACC variability were identified based on satellite altimeter data. The response of the ACC to climate change was studied using reanalysis data. Prospects for future research are presented at the end of this paper. | SHI Jiuxin DONG Zhaoqian CHEN Hongxia | 2013 | Advances in Polar Science2013，24，2： | 5 |
| 14 | Anomalously low ozone of 1997 and 2011 Arctic spring: Monitoring results and analysis显示文摘Total ozone observations from the Total Ozone Unit (TOU) aboard the Chinese second generation polar orbiting mete- orological satellite, Fengyun-3/A (FY-3/A), revealed that total column ozone over the Arctic declined rapidly from the beginning of March 2011. An extensive region of low column amount formed around mid March; monthly mean total column ozone in March 2011 was about 30% lower than the average observed during 1979-2010. Daily total column density of ozone near the center of low ozone area in mid March was less than 240 Dobson units, about half the total column ozone amount observed during the same period of the prior 10 years. We analyzed total column ozone data from different satellites during 1979-2011. Results show that the Arctic depletion of ozone in spring 2011 was initiated by the cold polar vortex in the lower stratosphere. The March mean total ozone over the Arctic has shown a decreasing trend over the past 32 years, and its variation is strongly correlated with the polar vortex. A similar low ozone process of spring 1997 was compared to that of 2011, but daily variations of total ozone in March over the Northern Hemisphere in 1997 and 2011 have different patterns. | ZHANG Yan WANG Weihe LI Xiaojing ZHANG Xingying ZHENG Zhaojun LIU Ruixia | 2012 | Advances in Polar Science2012，23，2： | 5 |
| 15 | Summer fast ice evolution off Zhongshan Station,Antarctica显示文摘Based on the field data acquired in the program of fast ice observation off Zhongshan Station,Prydz Bay,East Antarctica during the austral summer 2005/ 2006,physical properties evolution of fast ice during the ice ablation season is ana- lyzed in detail.Results show that the annual maximum ice thickness in 2005 occurred in later November,and then ice started to melt,and the ablation duration was 62 days;sea water under the ice became warmer synchronously;corresponding to the warming sea ice temperature,a'relative cold mid-layer'appeared in sea ice;the fast ice marginal line recoiled back to the shore observably,and the recoil distance was 20.9 km from 18 December 2005 through 14 January 2006.In addition,based on the data of sea ice thickness survey along the investigation course of MV Xuelong on December 18 of 2005,the ice thickness distribution paten in the marginal ice zone have been described:sea ice thickness increased,but the diversity of floe ice thick- ness decreased from open water to fast ice zone distinctly. | 雷瑞波 李志军 张占海 程言峰 窦银科 | 2008 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2008，19，1： | 5 |
| 16 | NATURAL PRODUCTIVITY OF ACRYLIC ACID AND DIMETHYL SULPHIDE DURING A SUMMER BLOOM OF PHAEOCYSTIS POUCHETII IN ANTARCTIC COASTAL WATER显示文摘Water samples were collected over P. pouchelii bloom period beginning in November 1988, in 15m water column, from 10km offshore of Davis Station, Vestfold Hill, Antarctica. The concentrations of acrylic acid and dimethyl sulphide (DMS), which are toxic compounds in the water samples, were determined by HPLC and GC. The result shows that the concentration of acrylic acid varies in 0.001-0.510vmol·L-1 and the concentration of DMS in 0.003-0.588 mol·L-1 during P. pouchetii bloom. Both the increased since late December 1988 and reached the highest concentration in early January 1989, then they decreased rapidly and returned to lower level from middle January to February in agreement with variation in cell number of the unicell alga P. pouchetii. The correlation coefficients between acrylic acid and P. pouchetii and between DMS and P. pouchetii are all 0.998. It is undoubted that P. pouchetii produced acrylic acid and DMS. The highest productivity of acrylic acid and DMS were 9.76×10-8 | Andrew Davidson Harry Burton | 1992 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science1992，3，1： | 5 |
| 17 | Dome Argus: Ideal site for deep ice drilling显示文摘Located on the centre of ice drainage range, the highest Dome Argus (Dome A) of East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), could be represented as an ideal site for deep ice cores drilling containing oldest paleo-climate records. To select a suitable drilling site for deep ice core, it needs gather all information pertaining to the local meteorology, ice sheet landforms, ice thickness, subglacial topography of bed rocks, ice velocity, internal structures of ice sheet, etc. Based on the International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), we present recent achievement of glaciological research and its perspective at Dome A in this paper. We system-atically discussed the merits and possible ventures of potential drilling sites around Dome A. Among all the candidates, we find that the Chinese Antarctic Kunlun Station is the best site for carrying out the first deep ice core drilling campaign. We emphasize and assess further the possibility to obtain a replicate core for studying dynamics and evolution of climate change. | TANG Xueyuan SUN Bo LIYuansheng LI Xin CUI Xiangbin | 2012 | Advances in Polar Science2012，23，1： | 5 |
| 18 | Source and spatial distributions of particulate organic carbon and its isotope in surface waters of Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during summer显示文摘In this study, we investigated the distributions of sea-surface suspended particulate organic carbon(POC) and its stable isotope(δ13CPOC) in Prydz Bay, Antarctica, and examined the factors infl uencing their distribution, sources, and transport. We used measurements collected from 61 stations in Prydz Bay during the 29 th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, in combination with remote sensing data on sea surface temperature(SST), chlorophyll a concentration, and sea ice coverage. The POC concentration in the surface waters of Prydz Bay was 0.28–0.84 mg·L-1, with an average concentration of 0.48 mg·L-1. The δ13CPOC value ranged from-29.68‰ to-26.30‰, with an average of-28.01‰. The concentration of suspended POC was highest in near-shore areas and in western Prydz Bay. The POC concentration was correlated with chlorophyll a concentration and sea ice coverage, suggesting that POC was associated with phytoplankton production in local water columns, while the growth of phytoplankton was obviously affected by sea ice coverage. The δ13CPOC value in suspended particles decreased gradually towards the outer waters of Prydz Bay, while in eastern Prydz Bay the δ13CPOC value become gradually more negative from nearshore to deep-water areas, suggesting that δ13CPOC was mainly infl uenced by CO2 fixation by phytoplankton. The δ13CPOC value in suspended particles near Zhongshan Station was significantly negative, possibly as a result of the input of terrigenous organic matter and changes in the phytoplankton species composition in the nearshore area. | YIN Xijie LI Yunhai QIAO Lei WANG Aijun XU Yonghang CHEN Jian | 2014 | Advances in Polar Science2014，25，3： | 4 |
| 19 | Sea ice thickness and concentration in Arctic obtaining from remote sensing images显示文摘Based on the sea ice digital videos and photos along the investigation route in the Second Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) during July and September, 2003, collections of sea ice thickness and concentration in the area of latitude range of 74.11°N - 79.56°N and longitude range of 144.17°W - 169.95°W are finished. This paper discusses the methods of obtaining ice/snow thicknesses from ship-side videos and ice concentrations from aerial photos, and illustrates the measures should be taken in analysis and in-situ investigation processes to improve the reliability of the parameters. The methods in this paper are somewhat universal and can be used in the research of Bohai Sea and Polar Regions sea ice. | 卢鹏 李志军 董西路 张占海 陈陟 | 2004 | Chinese Journal of Polar Science2004，15，2： | 4 |
| 20 | Summer water temperature structures and their interannual variation in the upper Canada Basin显示文摘Conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) data from 1993-2010 are used to study water temperature in the upper Canada Basin. There are four kinds of water temperature structures: The remains of the winter convective mixed layer, the near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM), the wind-driven mixed layer, and the advected water under sea ice. The NSTM mainly appears within the conductive mixed layer that forms in winter.Solar heating and surface cooling are two basic factors in the formation of the NSTM. The NSTM can also appear in undisturbed open water, as long as there is surface cooling. Water in open water areas may advect beneath the sea ice. The overlying sea ice cools the surface of the advected water, and a temperature maximum could appear similar to the NSTM. The NSTM mostly occurred at depths 10-30 m because of its deepening and strengthening during summer, with highest frequency at 20 m. Two clear stages of interannual variation are identified. Before 2003, most NSTMs were observed in marginal ice zones and open waters, so temperature maxima were usually warmer than 0 . After 2004, most NSTMs occurred in ice-covered areas, with much colder temperature maxima.Average depths of the temperature maxima in most years were about 20 m, except for about 16 m in 2007,which was related to the extreme minimum of ice cover. Average temperatures were around -0.8 to -1.1 , but increased to around -0.5 in 2004, 2007 and 2009, corresponding to reduced sea ice. As a no-ice summer in the Arctic is expected, the NSTM will be warmer with sea ice decline. Most energy absorbed by seawater has been transported to sea ice and the atmosphere. The heat near the NSTM is only the remains of total absorption, and the energy stored in the NSTM is not considerable. However, the NSTM is an important sign of the increasing absorption of solar energy in seawater. | ZHAO Jinping CAO Yong | 2011 | Advances in Polar Science2011，22，4： | 4 |
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